Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Communication 10 02 2012 Relationship definition differences between Communication exchange of information between sender and listener o May be cultural or social differences o Speech language are part of communication Language o Code symbol system o Examples Delay in developing language Limited vocab Not understanding what is being aid Not being able to put words together into sentence Speech o Output o Examples not developing sounds correctly structural problems poor oral movement brain damage to areas that control mouth fluency forward movement of speech voice not able to produce sound Hearing o Need to Be aware of sound presence or absence Distinguish between different sounds Perceive sounds in rapid succession o Different types of hearing loss effect different hearing skills PROFESSIONALS IN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Speech language Pathologist Provide evaluation and treatment for o Language disorders o Speech disorders o Swallowing disorders Where they work o Schools o Hospitals o Rehab centers skilled nursing facility o Long term care facility o Private practices o University clinics Education o Must have master s degree 2 years of course work clinical experience take national examination o Must be certified by ASHA Audiologists non medical What they do o test treat non medical problems of hearing acuity and o refer to MD s for medical treatment of ear o Recommend dispense and instruct patients in using hearing perception aids o Recommend and instruct other assistive listening devices o Refer patients to MD s for cochlear implants and help adjust following implant o Provide treatment aural rehabilitation o Evaluate and recommend treatment for balance disorders Where they work o MD offices o Hospitals o Industry o Government organizations research or clinical o Schools o University clinics Education o Must have a doctorate AuD 3 year coursework clinical and research 4th year paid internship take national exam o Nationally certified by either AHA or AAA or both o Licensed by state Speech Language and hearing Scientist What they do o Primarily research and teaching o Usually have a specialization area Where they work o University teaching research post Doctoral o Government research o Industry o Clinical Education o PH D level aprox 6 years Speech Language Pathology Assistant Audiology assistant What they do Speech o Cannot do evaluations o Provide therapy under supervision of SLP Education o Not ASHA certified o Some states have licenses o Requires coursework observation hours and clinical hours Audiologist Assistant What they do o Testing in hearing in adults o Testing hearing in children Education o Not ASHA certified o Few training programs American Speech Language Hearing Association American Academy of Audiology Certify both SLP and AuD 140 000 members attempts to assure consumers of quality code of ethics also certifies training programs Chapter 2 Anatomy Physiology of Speech 10 02 2012 4 Processes of Speech Respiration breathing Phonation producing voice Resonance shaping and refining voice sounds Articulation making sound into speech All 4 process work together to get intelligible Speech Production Disruption in any of them results in a SPEECH disorder STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATION Thorax o Air tight cavity lined with membranes o Links movement of the ribs with movement of lungs Lungs o Major organ of respiration o Passive just holds the air o Source of speech Diaphragm o Sits underneath the lungs o Moves as you breath o Does actual inhaling and exhaling o Dividing line between respiratory system and lower systems Trachea 20 rings o Made of cartiledge c shaped o Bellow the larynx o Allows air to travel to and from lungs o Wind pipe Bronchial Tubes Bronchus o Divides into lungs o End of trachea divide off into each lung o Passage for air to lungs Bronchioles o Little areas that break off into lungs o Small airways o Passage for air to lungs Alveolar sacs of alveoli o Exchange of oxygen from blood to air PURPOSE OF RESPIRATION lungs are power source for speech 10 inhale 90 exhale increase the speed of air to o build up pressure to make vocal cords open o to make certain speech sounds respiration is important for loudness and stress in speech RESPIRATION DISORDERS Decreased amount of air held in lungs Poor coordination of breath control and speech production o Emphysema o Aging o Usually neurological o Parkinson s o ALS STRUCTURES OF PHONATION hyoid bone o holds the larynx in place larynx whole structure made up of cartilages below o valve for air to pass through o allows us to open and close vocal chords o thyroid cartilage largest cartilage in the front closed in front open in the back protects vocal folds that attach behind its front wall o cricoid cartilage skinny in front thick in the back hold up arytenoid cartilages o arytenoid cartilages little cartilages sit on top of cricoid cartilage vocal chords attach to these holds vocal folds o When you swallow it flips down to protect airway so food does not go down trachea Epiglottis Glottis Vocal Folds o Not a structure SPACE o Space between open vocal folds o Attach to arytenoid and cricoid cartlidge o Opening closing and vibrations make up sounds phonation PHONATION production of voice generation of sound by rapid and rhythmic opening abduction and closing adduction of vocal cords Process o Close glottis o Air pressure builds up beneath vocal folds o Vocal cords close due to muscle tension and change in air pressure DISORDERS OF PHONOATION caused by o damage to vocal folds abuse or misuse o removal of vocal folds o damage to nerves which control vocal cords head injury neurological etiology STRUCTURES OF ARTICULATION of the vocal tract articulators movable structures that help to change the shape and lenth Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharyngeal Cavity Lips Tongue Soft Palate velum Hard Palate Teeth Mandible Alveolar Ridge Disorders of Articulation physical o damage to the brain or nerves that control articulators stroke head injury cerebral palsy hearing impairment behavioral o developmental delays o faulty learning RESONANCE Changes in sound of speech based on shape of o Oral cavity o Nasal cavity o Pharyngeal throat cavity Sound changes with shape of cavity Controlled by soft palate velum Vowel sounds 2 places where resonance is important o Nasal Consonants m n Produced with open nasal or oral cavities o Non Nasal Consonants all other consonants Produced by cutting off oral from nasal