Perceptual Organization Exam 2 Study Guide 1 What is the definition of a gestalt an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts a perceptual pattern or structure possessing qualities as a whole 2 What are the gestalt laws organizational principles of object recognition proximity when objects are close together we tend to group them together similarity if objects are alike our brain tends to group them together closure when we see an image that isn t completely filled our brain fills in the gaps continuity the brain prefers to see things together as a whole rather than separate contiguity the brain will connect two things that happen at the same time and see it as a unit 3 What is the binocular cue to depth What are the monocular cues to depth binocular cue to be able to identify location or distance of an object both eyes are needed depth perception monocular cue can be detected with only one eye ex relative size height interposition relative motion light and shadow and linear perspective 4 What drives bottom up and top down processing bottom up driven by sensory info from the world introduced perceptual organization gestalt processes top down active seeking and extraction of meaning driven by knowledge beliefs expectations and goals perception interpretation adaptation set etc 5 What kind of information are the dorsal and ventral processing streams responsible for What happens if one is damaged dorsal where pathway The dorsal stream projects to the parietal lobe and is involved with processing the object s spatial location relevant to the viewer recognizing where objects are in space ventral what pathway The ventral stream also known as the what pathway travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification and recognition Consciousness 1 What is a circadian rhythm internal clock tells us when and when not to sleep light hits something signal hits pineal gland and tells to not produce melatonin 2 What is physical drug dependence What is psychological drug dependence physical negative physical symptoms arrive with discontinuation of the drug psychological an emotional need for a drug that has no underlying physical need 3 What are the effects of stimulants and depressants on the nervous system stimulants speed up neural activity and body functions depressants slow down neural activity and body functions 4 What are the stages of sleep What occurs during these stages if you wake someone up stage 1 2 theta waves light sleep between sleeping and waking very relaxed stage 2 focusses more on trying to keep you asleep stage 3 4 delta waves deep sleep brain completely relaxed stage 5 beta waves REM paralysis eye movement but similar to waking waves 5 What are the theories of the function of sleep protection sleep to protect ourselves from danger at night energy saving so we can live longer restoration give brain a chance to rest aid memory make memory stronger through sleep growth pituitary glands produce growth hormones during sleep 6 What are the theories of the functions of dreams wish fulfillment Freud manifest content urges and temptations in the back of ones mind latent content info processing brain sorts through days info at night physiological function pathways need stimulation activation synthesis no reason why dreams happen cognitive development brains wouldn t develop without sleep 7 What are the two theories of hypnosis social influence theory they re relaxed enough to go along with the story divided consciousness theory hypnosis caused a split in awareness 8 What is selective attention How does it apply to processing visual scenes and to processing auditory information e g change blindness and the cocktail party effect spotlight brain directs attention to what it feels is most important active focusing of attention while active ignoring other stuff background something can immediately break your focus if you aren t paying attention you ll miss changes that occur Hunger and Motivation 1 What are the main theories of motivation instincts evolution theory complex behaviors with fixed patterns innate not learned drive reduction theory organisms want to maintain homeostasis be in balance optimum arousal maintain a balance between boredom and stress explains babies randomness 2 What are the hormones that signal hunger What are the hormones that signal satiety hunger orexin tells body it s time to eat ghrelin tells hypo we need glucose satiety obestatin tells hypo we have enough glucose pyy from intestines leptin fat cells send level of hormone that tells the body no need to eat anymore 3 What is the basal metabolic rate how you maintain set point how many calories your body burns to maintain weight daily 4 What is the set point balanced weight what body wants to maintain 5 What psychological factors influence how much we eat memory times we usually eat last time we ate visual cues to portion size fool yourself into eating more because of larger plate social facilitation people will eat more when with other people than instead of being alone cultural influences can tell us to like things we normally wouldn t Emotion 1 How does arousal level affect performance on difficult and easy tasks arousal theory the optimal level of arousal for task performance depends on the difficulty of the task We generally perform easy tasks well if we are at high moderate level of arousal and accomplish difficult tasks well at low moderate level 2 What are the low and high roads of emotional processing i e why can emotional reactions hijack our thinking low road pure emotion thoughts high road think before acting find best possible solution 3 How can physiological measures can distinguish between emotions be specific about kinds of measures and which emotions they can detect 4 What are the four theories of emotion In what order to the three components of emotion occur in each of the four models James Lange theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion stimulus leads to body arousal 1st which is then interpreted as an emotion physiological reactions and behaviors conscious awareness Cannon Bard theory in which physiological reaction and emotion are assumed to occur at the same time a stimulus leads to activity in the brain which sends signals to arouse the body and interpret emotion at the same time physiological reactions and behaviors conscious awareness Common Sense conscious awareness physiological reactions and behaviors Two
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