Chapter 11 Public Speaking Planning the Message The Listenable Speech Public communication involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience Listenable speech is one that is formatted to be easily understood by listeners Language fits the intellectual level of the listeners follows a clear pattern such as chronological problem solving cause to effect includes phrases that tell a listener what is coming statements made are backed up with facts that an audience can understand Intro statement of a central idea body that follows a pattern of development conclusion suitable length Preparing a Speech An Overview Quality of a speech performance normally correlates positively with the total preparation time the amount of research done the time and effort spent in developing speaking notes the effort put into preparing visual aids time spent rehearsing out loud Prepare for a speech by o 1 Decide on a topic or accept the topic assigned to you o 2 Formulate a statement of the central idea o 3 Collect research that develops the statement of the central idea o 4 Finalize the statement of the central idea the specific purpose and the goal that adapts to the listeners and setting of the presentation o 5 Formulate and organize the body of the presentation so that the o 6 Prepare the necessary aids such as audio visuals and computer goal can be achieved generated graphics o 7 Develop an introduction that previews and a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the presentation o 8 Polish the introduction and conclusion Intro should grab the attention of listeners and orient them with any necessary background Conclusion should wrap up the presentation and clinch the purpose expressed in the central idea Parameters of Public Speaking 3 parameters participants setting purpose of communication affect the topic selected language used types of examples and illustrations aids needed Ethics of Public Speaking Do not knowingly expose an audience to falsehoods or half truths that may cause significant harm does not premeditatedly alter the truth presents the truth as he understands it raises the listeners level of expertise by supplying necessary facts definitions descriptions employs a message that is free from mental and physical coercion by not compelling someone to take action against his will does not invent statistics intended to serve as a basis for proof gives credit to the source of info shows respect for human dignity Plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material Fabrication is making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true Analyzing the Parameters of Speeches Prior analysis before the speech is given majority of work o Audience analysis consists of assessing the demographic psychographic and rheterographic characteristics of your prospective listeners Demographics age gender religion ethnic background educational background occupation racial background Psychographics audience s attitudes beliefs voluntary audience want to be there vs captive audience forced to be there Rheterographics place time limit time of day emotional climate of central idea o Using prior analysis for topic selection language selection statement o Statement of central idea defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech centers on what you want the audience to know to be able to do and to believe consists of goal of the speech statement of the topic and the method process used to develop the speech o Goal of a speech inform by explaining summarizing contrasting describing demonstrating analyzing or persuade o Neophyte speakers not finishing the speech in the time limit not accomplishing the speech s purpose not allowing the audience to gain the information Process analysis observing audience for feedback o Cough meter lost audience attention ppl clear their throat Post speech analysis paying attention to reactions following a speech o Question and answer session opinion polls tests questionnaires follow up interviews Modes of Presentation Impromptu extemporaneous manuscript memorized Impromptu speaking speaker has a short period of time to decide what to say Ad lib speaking speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question volunteering an opinion or interacting during a question and answer session These forms of speaking offer the advantage of being natural and spontaneous and tend to represent a speaker s true feelings and thoughts bc there is so little time to develop ideas Disadvantages include lack of time a speaker has to develop organized and well analyzed statements lack of statistics examples illustrations to explain ideas clearly speaker s tendency to be short or ramble lack of preparation can result in oral uncertainty Extemporaneous speaking ppl who have more time to prepare for their presentations develop a set of talking points notes outlines to assist them in presenting their ideas o Advantages time to find the info needed to help accomplish the statement of central idea the security of having notes outline to refer to throughout the speech the use of quotations illustrations statistics o Disadvantages can get lost without sufficient preparation if speaker refers to notes outline too much then he fails to interact with the audience o Speech planning outline a brief framework used to think through the process of the speech contains major ideas of the speech without elaboration o Speech presentation outline has examples and illustrations and writes in internal summaries and forecasts o Outline based on parallelism coordination subordination division Parallelism parallel structure Coordination items with equal significant should have comparable numeral letter designations Subordination indicates level of significance more general or abstract the term the higher its level in the outline Division detail major ideas by adding clarifiers examples illustrations Form Topic outline has words phrases for all entries and usually has little or no punctuation after entries advantage presents brief overview of ideas speakers speak more read less Sentence outline complete sentences for all entries and usually has correct punctuation advantage more detailed overview of the ideas gives speaker more security Include internal summaries restate each major point before proceeding to the next and
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