MHR 3200 Exam 2 Study Guide K F Chapter 3 Noe Chapter 15 Global Organizational Behavior Societal Culture shared values norms identities and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of collectives that are transmitted over time Includes customs and language Factors influencing societal culture include economical technological setting political legal setting ethnic background and religion Organizational culture leads to individual differences of personal values ethics attitudes assumptions and expectations Outcomes at 3 levels include individual group organizational Ethnocentrism Belief that one s native country culture language and behavior are superior to that of others Very natural similar to me effect Often due to lack of knowledge or experience Negatively impacts individual and organizational success Greater awareness training exposure helps immensely Cultural Intelligence the ability to accurately interpret ambiguous cross cultural situations is an important skill in today s diverse workplaces Hofstede s Cultural Dimensions cultures and people can be characterized using five basic dimensions related to cultural beliefs Individualism vs collectivism Power distance Masculinity vs femininity Uncertainty avoidance Short term vs Long term orientation The 9 GLOBE Cultural Dimensions Power distance extent to which power is distributed equally or not Uncertainty avoidance extent of comfort with uncertainty ambiguity Institutional collectivism extent of reward for individual vs group focus In group collectivism extent of individual s pride loyalty for the larger group Gender egalitarianism extent of gender discrimination role inequity Assertiveness extent of confrontation attempt to control in relationships Future orientation extent of focus on the future vs the present Performance orientation extent to which performance is rewarded Human orientation extent to which kindness generosity etc is rewarded High context cultures rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others ex China Japan Korea Mexico Low context cultures written and spoken words carry the burden of shared meanings ex USA Canada Germany France Netherlands Norway Sweden Individualistic cultures characterized as I and me cultures give priority to individual freedom and choice Collectivist cultures characterized as we and us cultures rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals Time Orientation Monochromic time revealed in the ordered precise schedule driven use of public time that typifies and even caricatures efficient Northern Europeans and North Americans Polychronic time seen in the multiple and cyclical activities and concurrent involvement with different people in Mediterranean Latin American and especially Arab cultures Global Organization an organization that chooses to locate a facility based on the ability to effectively efficiently and flexibly produce a product of service using cultural differences as an advantage Multinational Company an organization that builds facilities in a number of different countries in an effort to minimize production and distribution costs Expatriate refers to anyone living and or working outside their home country selection preparation and training are critical to success Reasons why US expatriates fail Individual s spouse significant other cannot adapt to the new situation The individual cannot adapt to the new surroundings Family problems children relatives etc Emotional immaturity inability to deal with others etc Inability to handle the new role and responsibilities Lack of necessary technical skills knowledge Lack of motivation willingness to learn new things Repatriation the process of preparing expatriates to return home from a foreign assignment Global Leadership Attributes Leader attributes universally Liked trustworthy dynamic motivational decisive intelligent dependable plans ahead excellence oriented team builder encouraging Leader attributes universally Disliked uncooperative irritable egocentric ruthless dictatorial loner self centered Like Dislike Contingent on Country Culture subdued intragroup conflict avoider cunning sensitive provocateur self effacing Culture Shock involves anxiety and doubt caused by an overload of unfamiliar expectations and social cues Informational Support knowledge to assist expatriate s functioning and problem solving in the host country Emotional Support helps expatriates feel better about themselves and their situation when adjustment is difficult or overwhelming K F Chapter 14 Leadership Leadership A social influence process in which the leader seeks the voluntary participation of subordinates in an effort to reach organizational goals Focused more on the future promotes change and adaption skills include strategic thinking conceptual thinking innovation creativity inspiring decides where the tracks should be placed Management focuses more on the current promotes stability and efficiency skills include planning organizing analytical thinking communicating informing keeps the trains running on time Leader Trait Physical or personality characteristic that can be used to differentiate leaders from followers Implicit Leadership Theory Based on the idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers Leadership Prototype Mental representation of the traits and behaviors that people believe are possessed by leaders The Ohio State Studies Consideration Involves leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust and focuses on a concern for group members needs and desires Initiating Structure Leader behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing to maximize output Situational Theories Propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the situation Contingency Factors Situational variables that cause one style of leadership to be more effective than another Transactional vs Transformational Leaders Transactional Leadership Focuses on clarifying employees role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance Transformational Leaders Engender trust seek to develop leadership in other exhibit self sacrifice and serve as moral agents focusing themselves and followers on objectives that transcend the more immediate needs of the group work Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders self confidence
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