Human Communication Process Components COMM107 Exam 1 Review Chapter 1 2 Types of Human Communication Intrapersonal Interpersonal Public Mass Sender encoder source Receiver decoder Message Channel o Sight and sound o Electronic o Print o Touch o External o Physiological o Psychological Noise Feedback Context Human Communication Models Linear Interactional two way Transactional multidirectional Human Communication Principles Can be intentional or unintentional It is impossible not to communicate Communication is irreversible Communication is unrepeatable Human Communication Misconceptions o Affects how we feel way we communicate and type of communication Meanings are not in words they are in people More communication is not always better No single person or event can cause another s reaction many factors Communication will not solve problems Foundations of Verbal Language The Concept of Meaning Linguistics o Based on set of symbols both verbal and non verbal o Recognized differences between vowels and consonants o Ordered structured categories o Shows words in it of themselves only become meaningful through background and experience o Words mean something specific so we can classify categorize Denotative Connotative Functions of Language o Many different interpretations Emotive connotative vague Phatic greetings farewells small talk Cognitive denotative directions explanations Rhetorical use words to persuade prey on emotions draw conclusions Identifying clarifies who what someone something is Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication Types of Nonverbal Communication Kinesics body language o Body orientation o Posture o Gestures actual words Touch o Functional professional o Social polite o Friendship warmth o Arousal o Aggression Illustrators accompany speech compliment verbal messages Emblems deliberate and with precise meaning Adaptors unconscious self touching behaviors o Facial Expressions many kinds and change quickly o Eye Contact can send all kinds of different messages Paralanguage vocal sounds messages can both contradict or reinforce Physical Attractiveness affects interactions between people both positive and negative Clothing assumptions made about people based on attire Proxemics o Space distances Intimate distance intimate Personal distance with friends Public distance lectures public speakers entertainers Social distance classroom workplace o Territory personal space Physical Environment all these things communicate a message settings Chronemics use and structure of time can express message intentionally design arrangement etc or unintentionally Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication always exists posture clothing facial expression All nonverbal behavior has communicative value always sending message Much nonverbal communication is culture bound different meanings Male and female nonverbal communication differs in some ways Nonverbal communication is primarily relational defines kind of relationship you have with others and or kind you might want to have Nonverbal communication serves many functions Nonverbal communication is ambiguous many ways to interpret it Reception residual message that s what you remember from what you Chapter 4 5 Listening Process actually hear o Auditory o Physiological Biological o Influence by auditory fatigue o What you re trying to listen to o What s going on around you o What s going on in your mind Attention represents focus all other stimuli fade out or recede Perception strains stimuli to separate what makes sense from what doesn t so you can interpret message o Selective perception narrow attention to specific information based on needs wants and desires Assignment of Meaning o Schema categories for processing information affected by culture background education and experience Response giving feedback to speaker Effective Types of Listening Discriminative can tell difference from what you hear and what you see Comprehensive ability to recognize and retain Appreciative enjoy or be sensory stimulated by a message Therapeutic help or be empathetic Critical comprehend and evaluate Ineffective Types of Listening Stage hogging turning topic to yourself Selective responding only to part that interests you Insulated painful topics avoided or unacknowledged Pseudo appearing to be listening Defensive remarks taken as personal attacks Ambushing listening carefully to later use information for an attack on what was said Intensive inability to look beyond to understand hidden meanings Listening Problems Message overload Preoccupation other things on our mind Rapid thought think faster than we talk Effort External noise distractions Hearing problems Faulty assumptions believing we are listening when we are not Lack of apparent advantages we think we have more to gain from speaking Lack of training listening is a skill that is developed Media influences TV and radio shorten attention spans Listening Misconceptions Listening is not a matter of intelligence may be a lack of skill some just don t know how Hearing is physical listening is mental thought process Hearing is automatic listening requires effort and thought Speaker is only responsible for success in oral communication if listener comprehends and responds to the message Listening requires active participation Attitudes and good bad mindsets affect listening Ways to Improve Listening Talk less listen more Eliminate distractions Try to reserve judgment Paraphrase Empathize Be aware of your non verbal communication Be patient Eye contact Find comfortable distance Attitudes predispositions mindsets Beliefs convictions core of our existence Cognitive Dissonance imbalance between values attitudes beliefs can lead to guilty conscience Try to see big picture The Self and Perception Cognitive Process Values o Morals o Respect o Praising and cherishing o Consequences o Freedom The Self Real self dynamic and changing Public self try to get others to believe Ideal self the perfect you Need Drives Affection Communication Survival reflexive Pleasure Seeking satisfying a need Security o Balance o Protection o Equilibrium Territoriality defend territory from invasions Chapter 6 7 Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Communication Communication takes place within a system We teach others how to treat us Much of our interpersonal communication centers on our wanting others to act thing feel as we do Meaning is in people not in words We cannot not communicate People react to our actions We
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