BASIC COMMUNICATION Humans as selective communicators Source encodes message Receiver decodes message Message is altered by interferences noise Message goes through a channel medium Receiver sends back feedback Frame of reference each person perceives with their own unique experiences Types of noise environmental most external sounds cars passing music etc physiological issues with body lisp hearing problems memory loss etc semantic multiple meanings slang language dialect syntactical grammar issues organizational badly stating things cultural stereotypes values psychological mood mental biases MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Models of Communication linear model source encodes message message sent via channel receiver gets decoded message noise noise noise interactional model adds a feedback loop transactional model co creation of message with simultaneous communication ARRANGING THE SPEECH 4 modes of presentation impromptu extemporaneous manuscript memorized Structuring the speech 4 basic elements intro context and hook anecdote personal reference relevance quote central idea state your plan agenda body research and content major sub points arranged logically conclusion summary clincher Body Traditional methods of arrangement spatial anchoring topics around a geographically central point of reference chronological timeline based topical no set sequence just arrange points in a logical order might be arranging topics sharing a certain element together causal identify a cause effect relationship comparison contrast problem solution major internal method any combination thereof Body Alternate methods of arrangement partitioning method deductive logic preview main points before building on it unfolding method inductive logic usually use for persuading opposing audience give evidence so they reach same conclusion as you at the end case method one main idea and examples to support it Role of culture on structure Western use linear claim evidence conclusion Arab Native American Asian etc use spiral claim narrative conclusion INFORMATIVE SPEAKING Informative brief Audience analysis listener s knowledge appropriate language attention devices logical arrangement Purpose captured by central idea Types of informative briefs About objects About processes About events About concepts Work related info briefs Team briefing presenting findings of team work One on One briefing tabletop briefing Technical reports scientific info Professional papers or poster sessions Lectures Q A sessions Restate question from audience before answering Include entire audience in answer Suggest speaking after session Introducing another speaker Set appropriate tone Criteria Strong intro Attention getter Statement of central idea Exposition relevance as necessary Transitions Conclusion Summary Clincher NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION Non verbal comm messages exchanged beyond words 60 90 of all comm is nv Occur in clusters Congruency does your verbal message match the nv does a person s usual state match his nv state right now Controlled innate neurological programs reflexive so everyone reacts the same way Reflective of culture same gesture diff meaning Associated with emotions Nv substitutes v Nv complements agrees with v Nv accents emphasizes v Nv conflicts with v Categories of nv comm kinesis study of body s behavior facsics how face behaves ocalics eyes gestics hands speech independent emblems speech related illustrators complements speech related affect displays emotional displays on face speech related regulators to indicate turns in dialogue nodding as you listen etc speech related adaptors help us adapt to unusual situations tap foot as you re waiting haptics through touch depends on culture gender body synchrony how you hold your body physical characteristics halo devil effect if someone finds you good looking they associate other irrelevant positive characteristics with you artifactics what you wear clothing etc proxemics comm via space intimate zone 0 18 inches comfort zone 18 inch 4 ft social 4 ft 12 ft public 12 ft to 25 ft between you and an event speaker paravocalics rate volume pitch intensity pauses aesthetics mood setting w music colors etc gustorics taste as comm chronemics circular most holistic is it day night season harvesting time etc more primitive societies linear most societies use hours minutes seconds olfactics smells smell blind adaptation smell memory overload discrimination ability to differentiate INTERPERSONAL SKILLS CONFLICT MANAGEMENT conversation interaction with 2 people verbal non v small talk surface level exchange of info questions while more detailed talk keep track of current events environment keeping track of non v cues personalize convo disagree with respect listening to other s concerns don t assume show interest or disinterest why converse express empathy develops early put yourself in one s mental shoes of another request info conflict you re interdependent w another person they frustrate your satisfaction has danger and opportunity because of different goals allocation of resources behaviors considered inappropriate levels of conflict no conflict latent conflict problems to solve dispute helpful fight or flight intractability doesn t matter what the fight is about ou just hate the other person point of no return role of anger explosive directed at others implosive directed at yourself expressed negatively internal actions acting out passive resistance non compliance violence external actions gossiping sarcasm expressed positively social justice etc changing from neg to pos don t react immediately don t make important decisions when angry channelize your feelings apologize as necessary fair fighting inform yourselves know fact vs fiction stay focused on present situation don t bring in past don t try to change the unchangeable don t start a fight that can t be finished keep setting in mind realize you re both actively involved in arguing listen to your non verbals keep the goal in mind approaches to conflict competing collaborating compromising avoidance accommodating smoothing over comm approaches assertive clearly stating personal rights simple assertion stating what you want empathic assertion i see your point but follow up assertion non assertion avoid conflict at all costs aggressive direct or passive aggressive DESC scripting describe your problem express your emotion specify your solution state consequence how to apologize take responsibility show your regret repair the
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