The Dawn of Human Time 08 16 2012 A Cosmologists people who deal with the origins of the earth 1 Hindus believed everything emerged from nothingness 2 Ancient Mesopotamians were the first to record this information Geology and climate shape life B Australopithecus 1 Could walk on 2 feet Lived in South Africa 2 3 4 5 million years ago 4 Brains were 1 3 the size of ours 5 First of her time Had a complete skeleton when dug up Lucy Most famous Australopithecus Missing femur and hands now C Homo habilis 1 Appeared 2 5 million years ago 2 Walked upright 3 Bigger brain 4 D Homo Erectus upright man Lived in groups one of the earliest hominid societies In East Africa spread to Eurasia 1 2 2 2 million years ago 3 Brain was 2 3 the size of ours 4 Made tools that were more complex than homo habilis 5 Made sharper knives 6 Mastered fire E Homo Neonderthalenis Cro Magnon Man 1 Appeared 200 thousand years ago 2 Remains were rich in Europe 3 Made basic jewelry 4 Buried their dead which was a ritual never found before 5 Were successful at reproduction 6 They cared for their sick and wounded 7 They disappeared about 28 000 years ago 8 Cro Magnon Art Venus Carvings Buffalo paintings Venus Figurines Fertility representation F Homo Sapiens 1 Appeared half a million years ago Some think they just died out others think they may have bred with the homo sapiens 2 Early Agriculture Hunters and Gatherers 3 Domesticated animals Pigs Cattle G Homo Sapien Sapiens 1 Us 2 Have larger brains H Stone Ages 1 3 ages Paleolithic old stone age 100 000 15 000 Mesolithic middle stone age 15 000 10 000 Neolithic New stone age I Natufian Culture 1 Jericho Middle East Founded around 9 000 BCE In the west bank Israel and Palestine They had agricultural surplus so they became threatened by outsiders Stood till about 7 000 BCE 25 000 people live there presently Invaders broke in and killed them off Food and rain Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient India and Central Asia Chapter 2 in the book 1 Mesopotamian myth of creation recounting the struggle between cosmic order and chaos A Enuma Elish B Marduk 1 Ancient Mesopotamian God i An avengeful God ii Also a river god of the Fertile Crescent C Mesopotamians Irrigation 1 Were polytheistic believing in many gods 2 Practiced arrogation systems with the rivers 3 Egalitarian 4 Pioneered i Writing ii Standing armies iii iv State sponsored building projects I e roads v Bricks vi Major cities vii Time keeping sexagesimal counting by 60 viii Debt slavery ix The world of the Hebrew Bible Old Testament x xi Invention of beer for weight gaining use Invention of the wheel D Modern Mesopotamians the middle east E Sumeria 1 Supported agriculture through irrigation systems 2 They could depend on slave labor 3 Majority of their slaves were debt slaves 4 Patriarchal society 5 Left tons of writings helping us learn all that we know about them i Cuneiform Latin for Wedge Shaped Among oldest writing systems in the world Allowed for greater communication abstract thought and record keeping F Sargon of Akkad Akkadian Empire 1 Sargon imported all city states of Sumeria into and Empire i Becoming the first documented empire G Babylon Hammurabi 1 Hammurabi Amorite Kind of Babylon 1792 1750 BCE 2 Stela stele of Hammurabi s Law Code i Oldest written law code ii Patriarchal iii Families would have to take blame for one members wrong doing iv An eye for an eye literally v Created a big gap between rich and poor H Hittites 1340 1278 BCE Indo European people central Turkey Iron and iron smelting for weapons became a breakthrough 1 2 3 Helped create the war chariot 4 Used deathly ill people as weapon to strike plague in other cities 5 Fell to the Assyrians I Assyrians 1 Used terror as a lesson 2 Ashurbanipal was king 605 562 BCE i Created a library 3 Fell to neo Babylonians Chaldeans J Neo Babylonians were taken over by the Persians K Epic of Gilgamesh story of a hero L Harappan Society 1 Harappa Mohenjo Daro 2 Had citadels with fortified inclosures in the center 3 Seal stamps with characters and figures no one understands 4 Went into rapid decline around 1600 BCE i From climate change like droughts and floods M Aryans invaded the Harappans 1 1600 1400 BCE came in groups over centuries 2 Militaristic people 3 Vedas Hymns helped us learn all this about them 4 Came from central Asian Mountains 5 War chiefs raja Sanskrit for ruler or king 6 Patriarchal N Rig Veda most influential Veda O Upanishads Commentary on Vedas 1 Explains relationship between Samsara Karma Dharma and Moksha P Sanskrit ancient Indo Aryan language Q Indra the god of war and rain 1 He would take soma and fight dragons The Eastern Mediterranean Chapter 3 in book 08 28 12 A The Nile 1 Relatively predictable Egyptian river 2 Flooded every fall and left back a layer of silk Naturally fertilized soil 3 Kingship emerged in Egypt B The Old Kingdom 2663 2195 BCE 1 King Narner Memes First king to unite upper and lower Egypt Hippo trampled him to death 2 Pharaohs were considered gods on earth Link between human existence and world beyond Maat to be maintained i Maat harmony and balance in the world 3 When the pyramids built c a 2600 2500BCE 4 Scribes and priests Assessed taxes Assessed workers on the pyramids Made sure everyone was fed 5 Hieroglyphics holy writing Demotic is another form of holy writing C The Rosetta Stone 1 Discovered by the French in the Nile 2 It was in Greek Demotic and Hieroglyphics D Gods Osiris and Isis 1 Brother and sister as well as husband and wife 2 Osiris God of Underworld Set his evil twin brother Isis s Child Horis sought vengeance for his father Isis Goddess of woman hood and mother hood 3 4 E Hatshepsut 1473 1458 BCE 1 Female pharaoh 2 Activist pharaoh maintained Maat 3 Very peaceful reign of Egypt 4 Built temples englarged the temple of the gods They were royal tombs The builders of the pyramids were said to be debt slaves They were also said to be just regular Egyptians with religious devotions to the pharaohs 5 Represented herself as a man at times Depicted things as they should be F Akhenaton 1353 1336 BCE 1 Polytheistic system to monotheistic system 2 Built and renovated temples 3 Wife was demigoddess Nefertiti of Fertility 4 Presented himself as he was and not as he should be Potbelly 5 Egypt declined after his death G Ramses 2 r 1279 1213 1 Most famous pharaoh 2 Took credit of a lot of things 3 Egotistic 4 Peace treaty with the Hittites H Nubia Kerma and Kushite Kingdoms I 1 Rivers are deeper amount of irrigated flood