COMM 107 1 TERMS TO KNOW INTRODUCTARY INFO CHAPTER 1 Linear model of communication a schematic that illustrates the process by which a source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels without a feedback loop The receiver then receives and decodes the message Interactional model of communication a schematic that illustrates how a source encodes and sends a message to a receiver through one of more sensory channels The receiver receives and decodes the message as in linear communication but then encodes feedback and sends it back to the source thus making the process two directional The source then decodes the feedback message Based on the original message sent and the feedback received the source encodes a new message that adjusts to the feedback adaptation Transactional model of communication a schematic that illustrates how communicators simultaneously process messages Communicator A encodes a message and sends it Communicator B then encodes feedback and sends it to A who decodes it But these steps are not mutually exclusive encoding and decoding may occur simultaneously Speakers may send a verbal message and at the same time receive and decode a nonverbal feedback message from listeners Because messages can be sent and received at the same time this model is multidirectional and the message overlaps Encode the process of creating a message Decode the process of translating the received messages Noise an internal or external interference in the communication process Environmental noise outside interference that prevents the receiver from Feedback a verbal and or a nonverbal reaction or response to the message getting the message Physiological impairment noise a physical problem that blocks the effective sending or receiving of a message ex Deafness or blindness Semantic noise communication problems created by the meaning of words Syntactical noise communication problems caused by grammatical usage Organizational noise communication problems created by the lack of a clear structural order in which the information presented Cultural noise communication problems that result from preconceived unyielding attitudes derived from a group or society about how members of that culture should act or behave Psychological noise communication problems created by emotional issues such as stress frustration or irritation VERBAL CHAPTER 2 Significant Other Theory the selection of specific people or groups whose language ideals and beliefs we allow to influence us Language Explosion Theory humans build language skills from a central core of influence often the mother infant dyad and then expand the skills through the circles of influence ex Schools media religious institutions COMM 107 2 Social Construction of Reality Theory persons and groups interacting in a social system form over time concepts or mental representations of each other s actions and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other When these roles are made available to other members of society to enter into and play out the reciprocal interactions are said to be institutionalised Knowledge and people s conception and belief of what reality is becomes embedded in the institutional fabric of society Reality is therefore said to be socially constructed Denotative meaning words with direct explicit meanings of words Connotative meaning words with implied or suggested meanings Slang words that are related to a specific activity or incident and are immediately understood by members of a particular group Inarticulates uttered sounds words or phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listener gain a clear understanding of the message such as the phrase stuff like that Doublespeak a form of vagueness that is deceptive evasive or confusing with the intention of misleading distorting reality making the bad seem good creating a false verbal map of the world or creating incongruity between reality and what is said or not said Language distortion the intentional or unintentional distortion of information through ambiguity vagueness inferences or message adjustment Innate neurological programs automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli with which people are born Emotive language employs emotional connotative words to express the feelings attitudes and emotions of the speaker riveting gripping Phatic the function of the words is to perform a social task ex Informal Cognitive language conveys information generally through denotative Rhetorical language used to influence thoughts and behaviors ex Often personal greetings words used in advertisements NONVERBAL CHAPTER 3 Kinesics the study of communication through the boy and its movements Gustorics the study of how taste communicates Gestics the study of the movements of the body such as gestures that can give clues about a person s status mood cultural affiliations and self preception Haptics the study of the use of touch as communication Ocalics the study of the eyes as a receiver and conveyer of communication Facsics the study of how the face communicates Olfactics the study of smell as a communicator Paravocalics the vocal effects that accompany words such as tone of voice but not the words themselves also known as paralanguage Artifacts the study of those things that adorn the body and send messages to others about us as well as our selection of those items ex Clothing eyeglasses jewelry COMM 107 3 Complementing relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication the supporting of a verbal message with nonverbal actions ex Shaking the head up and down while saying yes Conflicting relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication a difference of intent between the verbal and nonverbal messages ex Shaking head up and down while saying no Substituting relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication the replacement of verbal communication ex Shaking the head up and down to indicate yes Accenting relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication nonverbal behavior intended to accent parts of a verbal message much as underlining or italicizing emphasizes written language ex Pounding on a desk while saying I want it done now Halo effect positive evaluation of a person or thing not because of his or her talents or display of proficiency but because of such factors as physical appearance Devil Effect a negative evaluation of a person because of the way the person looks regardless
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