COMM107 Midterm Study Guide Chapter 1 The Human Communication Process Communication a conscious or unconscious intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and or nonverbal messages that are sent received and comprehended o This process can be accidental expressive or rhetorical Human communication occurs in 3 levels o Intrapersonal communication communicating with yourself o Interpersonal communication communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship o Public communication characterized by a speaker sending a message to an audience Characters of communication o Dynamic the process is always in a state of change o Continuous it never stops o Irreversible once we send a message we cannot undo it o Interactive we are constantly in contact with other people and with ourselves o Contextual the complexity of communication dictates that we develop awareness and the skills to function effectively as communicators and to adapt to the setting the people who are present and the purpose of the communication Components of Human Communication o Sources the originator of the message o Receiver the recipient of the message o Messages communication o Feedback response to a message o Frame of reference a perceptual screen o Noise the potential for communication disruption Environmental noise outside interference that presents the receiver from gaining the message Semantic noise Syntactical noise inappropriate grammatical use Organizational noise Cultural noise Psychological noise stress frustration or irritation Communication process o Encode take ideas and put them into message form o Primary signal system send the ideas through a channel composed of the senses seeing hearing tasting smelling and touching to someone who receives them bi ager or his primary signal system o Decode translate the received messages Models of Human Communication o Linear model a source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels the receiver then receives and decodes the message o Interactional model a source encodes and sends a message to a receiver the receiver receives and decodes the massage then encodes feedback and sends it back to the source thus making the process two directional o Transactional model communicators simultaneous process messages Communicator A encodes a message and sends it communicator B then encodes feedback and sends it to A who decodes it Communication and Culture o Intracultural communication when you interact with those with whom you have a o Intercultural when you speak to those with whom you have little or no cultural cultural bond bond Chapter 2 Foundations of Verbal Language Language is a system of arbitrary signals such as sounds gestures or symbols used by a nation people or distinct community to communicate thoughts and feelings o Does not remain static it is constantly changing Processing symbols Learning Symbols o Input Storage to recall Stimulus Search to storage Recall Output o Language Explosion Theory proposes that we build communication skills from the core of language we develop early in life o Significant Other Theory centers on the principle that our understanding of self is built by those who react to and comment on our language actions ideas beliefs and mannerisms o Theory of social construction we learn from the society around us and how it is constructed Concept of Meaning o Denotative meanings direct explicit meanings o Connotative meanings implied or suggested meaning pretty or nice o Semantics the relationship of language and meaning The Functions of Language o Emotive Language employs emotional connotative words to express the feelings attitude and emotions of the speaker o Phatic Language one whose only function is to perform a social task as opposed to conveying information o Cognitive language to convey information o Rhetorical Language to influence thoughts and behaviors o Identifying Language centers on naming persons or things specifically Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication themselves Cultural and Intercultural Behavior Nonverbal communication all those messages that people exchange beyond the word o Nonverbal communication and gestures give different messages throughout the world another Verbal and Nonverbal Relationships o Substituting relationship nonverbal message replaces the verbal message o Complementing relationship nonverbal message accompanies the verbal message o Conflicting relationship verbal and nonverbal message are in contrast to one o Accenting relationship nonverbal message stressed the verbal messsage Emotion Influences on Nonverbal Communication o Emotions have direct impact on people s nonverbal communications and personal space Insecure avoid closeness Nervous body gets rigid Categories of Nonverbal Communication o Kinesics study of communication through the body and its movements Fascics study of how the face communicates Ocalics study of the eyes Gestics study of the movements of the body gestures Emblems nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition consisting of one or two words Haptics study of the use of touch as communication Body synchrony study of posture and the way a person walks and stands Artifactics centers on the study of those things that adorn the body and send messages to others about us as well as say something about us and our selection of these items Physical characteristics height weight skin color communicate something about him or her to others o Proxemics study of how people use and perceive their social and personal space o Paravocalics vocal effects that accompany words such as tone of voice o Chronemics the way people handle and structure their time o Olfactics study of smell o Aesthetics study of communication of a message or mood through color or music o Gustorics study of how taste communicates Chapter 4 Listening The Listening Process o Hearing a biological activity that involves reception of a message through sensory channels o Listening a process that involves Reception Attention Perception The assignment of meaning Listeners response Feedback Linear Learners Listeners take information at face value abstractions and generalizations don t add much to their learning They prefer specifics and logic based arguments left brain dominant Global Listeners Learners intuitive thinking follows visual and pictographic rather than written instructions
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