Chapter 11 Public Communication o Involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience Participants setting purpose o The speaker and the members of the audience Encompasses where the speech is given The speakers expected outcomes for the presentation Plagiarism and fabrication o Occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as their own without giving credit to the originator of the material Making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true Audience analysis o Demographics listeners characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds ex age gender race o Psychographics Audiences attitudes and beliefs o Rhetorographics the place time limit time of day and emotional climate for the speech Topic Selection o Central idea defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech what do you want audience to get from this consisted of three parts o Goal The purpose of the speech which is expressed in terms of its expected outcomes o Topic The subject about which the speaker selects to speak o Method encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation Modes of presentation o Impromptu a speech given with little or no preparation o Extemporaneous The speaker knows in advance can prepare by doing research and planning the speech with talking points and notes outlines o Manuscript Speech in which he material is written out and delivered o Memorized A speech written out word for word and then committed to word for word from a text memory Chapter 12 Primary sources vs Secondary sources o Sources represent the original reports of the observation o Sources that report but did not originally generate info Selecting sources Analyzing o Books magazines newspapers journals indexes government publications non print media interviews computer searches o Analyze the validity of information Recording Research o Quotations Paraphrasing material either directly written or spoken form a person or their idea put into your own words o References o Oral footnote reference used in speech that indicates that the material being presented is either a quotation or paraphrase Supporting material o Stories enhances delivery of the message provides understanding o Specific instances condensed examples used to clarify o Exposition gives necessary background information to listeners o Statistics collection of numerical information arranged as representation trends or theories o Analogies compares an unfamiliar concept to a familiar one o Testimony a direct quotation or a paraphrase from an authority Vehicles for presenting supporting material o Internal summaries a short restatement of what has just been said in the section you are about to leave o Forecasting a statement that alerts the audiences to ideas that are coming o Signposting a speaker reviews where the listeners have been have been where they are presently and forecasts where they are going o Supplementary aids visual audio audiovisual and computerized graphics valuable in augmenting the oral segments of their presentations Chapter 13 The Introduction be presented Attention getter o Gain the listener s attention and orient then to the material that will o Personal references o Humorous stories parallel intent of speech o Illustrations stories pictures etc makes idea more vivid o Rhetorical questions no outward response expected o Action questions means of getting audience involved o Unusual or dramatic devices curiosity or shock value o Quotations related to the theme related to topic o Stating the theme indicate focus to audience Orienting material gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of speech o Historical background o Definition of terms o Personal history or tie to topic o Importance to listeners Central Idea or Thesis o Intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well organized speech The Body develop the speaker s central idea Methods of issue arrangement o Develops through major points as well as any subpoints needed to o Spatial speaker sets a point of reference and follows a geographic pattern The pattern can be left to right etc o Time orders information from a beginning point to an end point with all steps developed in numerical or time sequence o Topic speaker explains an idea in terms of its component parts o Casual speaker shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs the other will follow o Comparison contrast speaker shows similarities and differences of the entities being discussed o Problem solution speaker identifies what is wrong and determines how to cure it o Alternative organizational methods Partitioning deductive as speech proceeds the speech is partitioned into a number of points Unfolding inductive speaker lays out supporting evidence then Case speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into draws a conclusion subpoints The Conclusion used to summarize and motivate listeners o Summary o Clincher Gives the speaker one more chance to reinforce major ideas presented then wraps up with a final message to clinch the selling of the central idea personal reference humorous story illustration rhetorical question unusual or dramatic device quotation repetition full circle Outlining o Methods for Formatting a Speech Chapter 14 Vocal Delivery o Vocal Variety o Pronunciation Gestures help emphasize Eye Contact speaking o Incorporate the use of hands body movements and facial expressions o Looking into the eyes of your audience when you speak effective Use of Supplementary Aides types o Assist in making the presentation listenable and maintain attention Power Points o Practice thoroughly learn how to use technology be patient maintain control Ways to overcome Public Speaking Anxiety o Accept anxiety use relaxation techniques prepare practice visualization eliminate all stress Speechophobia o Public speaking anxiety Chapter 15 Informative Speaking o Discourse that impacts new information secures understanding or reinforces accumulated information Classifications o Objects describes a particular thing in detail o Processes instruct audience about how something works is made or done thought o Events informs audience about something that has already happened happening or expected to happen o Concepts examines theories beliefs ideas philosophies or schools of Informative briefings present information to a specialized audience followed by
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