COMM107 Final Exam Study Guide Professor Lipman Spring 2012 Chapter 11 Demographics Psychographics Rhetorographics listeners characteristics such as age gender religion ethnicity education occupation and race attitudes and beliefs conservative liberal political affiliation place time limit time of day and emotional climate for the speech Important to know these things when preparing a speech to be successful Plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true Ex Bush telling everyone that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction when he did not Fabrication Impromptu Have a little more time than ad lib to organize thoughts Using information acquired from experience speaks with little or no preparation and organizes ideas while he or she is communicating Ad lib Don t have any time to get thoughts together a speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question volunteering an opinion or interacting during a question and answer session Advantages natural and spontaneous shows a speaker s true feelings Disadvantages lack of time a speaker has to develop organized and well analyzed statements rambling using phrases such as you know and stuff like that Extemporaneous Speaking Mode Prior to the speech analysis Most time to prepare Developing a set of talking points in notes or an outline to assist them in presenting their ideas before the speech is given Audience analysis will help aid in dealing with selecting a topic developing the speech selecting appropriate language and deciding what information to include Process of the speech analysis observing the audience during the speech for feedback Adapt your speech to the audience s verbal and nonverbal feedback If you sense the audience is not attentive change the volume of your voice use a pause move forward or add an interesting or humorous story engage the audience by asking a question Post speech analysis paying attention to the reactions following a speech A direct way to conduct a post speech analysis is to have a question and answer session Opinion polls tests questionnaires and follow up interviews Chapter 12 Internal summary a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave before proceeding to the next section Forecast Let us now examine Signposting statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming forecasts where they are going Primary Sources someone that was at the event reporting it Anecdotes when a speaker reviews where the listeners have been states where they are presently and Personal stories The most interesting form of supporting material Humans connect with each other through stories Speakers are perceived to be more engaging Stories are an illustration not intended for proof Powerful tools of persuasion Testimony Power points Direct quotation or paraphrase from an authority Used to clarify ideas back up contentions and reinforce concepts Five by Five Five words in five lines maximum Easy to read visible by all simple to understand a clean looking font a light background with dark or black text incorporate graphs or charts One visual per minute Should be on each slide for 30 seconds or more Chapter 13 Introduction Hook personal references humorous stories illustrations rhetorical action question Purpose Orienting information like vocabulary words or historical background Conclusion Summarize and or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action Brief summary Clincher Personal story Question and answer session Central idea purpose is to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well organized speech It indicates the response the speaker wants from listeners Should be a statement NOT a question Spatial arrangement How you present information by space ie Katie s speech with the crazy laws and going across the map Time arrangement Topical arrangement How you present information chronologically Explains idea by different component parts Different subtopics ie dogs poodles labs Causal arrangement Cause and effect Comparison contrast arrangement ie coke vs pepsi Problem solution arrangement ie Nasa video Persuasive speech uses Partitioning Organizational Speech Structure a deductive format in which as the speech proceeds the speech is partitioned into a number In developing the speech you state your point and then develop each point with supporting Unfolding organizational speech structure Inductive style in which the speaker lays out supporting evidence and then draws a conclusion leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument Case Method of Organizational Speech Structure The speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points single issue of points details speech Deductive Inductive if this happens this must happen Absolute probability most likely Probability Chapter 14 Eye contact Useful makes members feel involved in the presentation and helps you receive feedback so you can adjust your presentation Looking directly into the eyes of audience and listeners not over their heads Zoned Eye Contact How to minimize public speaking anxiety speechopobia Practice Visualization Placing your feet as to avoid swaying Use relaxation techniques Recognize the anxiety Chapter 16 Conviction Actuation convince the audience to believe as the speaker does make the audience to take the desired action that the speaker proposed Persuasion vs Coercion Persuasion is okay it means convincing Coercion is bad it uses methods of unfair and forceful convincing to get someone to do something Three Theories of Persuasion Theory of Field related standards proposes that not all people reach conclusions in the same way and thus may react differently to the same evidence or psychological material Everyone has different ideas Theory of group norm standards Same thinking of a particular group Theory of individual norm standards proposes that being on the side of or getting the backing of that person or persons may be a powerful tool to influence the group members to side with your stand Go to person who is open to your opinion and once those people sign on more people will Persuasion through 2 6 2 principal follow In a group of 10 there are 2 people who will agree with you 6 middle people and 2 who will not Persuade easy 2 then other 6 will come on board
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