COMM107 Midterm Exam Study Guide Chapter One The Human Communication Process Communication communication feelings ideas are expressed as messages that are sent received comprehended intrapersonal comm communicating with yourself processing decision making listening interpersonal comm takes place between 2 persons who establish a communicative relationship Types of Noise environmental noise outside interference that prevents the receiver from gaining the message physiological impairment noise physical problem can block a message ex blind deaf people semantic noise problems may arise regarding the meaning of words language vocabulary syntactical noise inappropriate grammatical usage organizational noise when the source forgets that certain ideas are better when presented in structural order cultural noise results from preconceived attitudes derived from a group about how members of that culture should act psychological noise stress frustration or irritation causes us to communicate ineffectively Intercultural and Intracultural Comm Intracultural comm when you interact with those of whom you have a cultural bond Intercultural comm when you speak to those with whom you have no cultural bond Multiculturalism Ethnocentrism Ethics pluralism individuals can maintain their individual identities and still be a part of the larger group salad bowl each person is uniquely different and does not have to become the same multiculturalism political and attitudinal movement to ensure cultural freedom ethnocentrism belief that one s culture is primary to all explanations of reality cultural relativism no culture is superior to any other each culture deserves to be respected ethical communicators those respect the integrity of ideas and concerns from the listeners language explosion theory we build communication skills from the core of language we develop early in life significant other theory understanding of self is built by those who react to our language actions ideas beliefs and mannerisms Chapter Two Foundations of Verbal Language Acquire Language Concept of Meaning The Functions of Language Denotative meanings words with direct explicit meaning Connotative meanings words with implied or suggested meaning 1 2 3 4 5 emotive language employs emotional connotative words to express feelings and emotions phatic language reinforces the relationship between the participants in a communicative exchange small talk cognitive language conveys information rhetorical language influences thoughts and behaviors identifying language naming things includes hate speech Accent vs Dialect Slang vs Inarticulate dialect social or regional variation of a language accent pronunciation used by a person Chapter Three Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Relationships slang words related to a specific activity or incident and are immediately understood by members of a particular group inarticulates sounds words or phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listener gain a clear understanding of the message Substituting Relationship Replacing meaning for action nodding head yes 1 2 Complementing Relationship Simultaneous saying and doing shaking head no and saying no 3 Conflicting Relationship Physical movements contradict verbal messages I didn t do it but turning bright red at the same time 4 Accenting Relationship using nonverbal message to emphasize a verbal one someone in the shoulder while yelling at him or her to turn around Nonverbal Communication 1 Facsics study of how the face communicates 2 Ocalics study of the eyes the primary way to receive and send body language a Pupilometrics pupils dilate when focused on pleasure and contract when focused on displeasure 3 Gestics study of bodily movements such as gestures a Gives clues about a person s mood cultural affiliations and self perceptions 4 Heptics the study of the use of touch as communication 5 Paravocalics vocal effects that accompany words such as tone of voice 6 Olfactics study of smell smell is sensitive and can help us reach conclusions about our judgments on people 7 Chronemics how people handle and structure their time can be easily misunderstood from culture to culture 8 Aesthetics studying a message or a mood through color or music 9 Gustorics how taste is used as a communicative device acts as a medium for carrying pleasure displeasure and warning Proxemics 1 Discriminative Listening Attempt to distinguish auditory and visual stimuli so that we can understand the differences in auditory sounds and 1 Proxemics the study of how people use and perceive their social personal space a Culture and Space emotional states can change the closeness of space which one is comfortable with i Contact Cultures characterized by physical modes of communication ii Non Contact Cultures characterized by non tactile modes of communication 2 Space Distances By examining space distances we can see how space relates to different cultures a b c d Intimate Distance Ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of 1 5 feet away Personal Distance Ranges from 1 5 feet or 18 inches to 4 feet away Social Distance Ranges from 4 to 12 feet away Public Distance Ranges from as little as 12 feet but usually more than 20 feet 1 Reception intake of the visual or auditory message 2 Attention After stimulus is received it then reaches the attention stage Focus on specific stimuli 3 Perception Attempting to analyze the information received 4 Assignment of Meaning Placing the stimulus in a pre determined category so context of word can be determined 5 Response we give message an internal external response or an intellectual or emotional reaction Hearing biological process that involves the intake of a message through sensory channels Listening involves your attention perception of the meaning of what you hear and your response Chapter Four Listening Listening Process Listening vs Hearing Purposes of Listening nonverbal behavior 2 Comprehension Listening Recognizing and retaining the information in a message 3 Therapeutic Listening when to ask questions when to stimulate further discussion and when to give advice 4 Critical Listening Comprehending and evaluating the received message 5 Appreciative Listening Enjoying the message that is being sent from speaker Self Concept perception of yourself personality traits physical characteristics values goals Chapter Five Intrapersonal Communication Self Concept Types of Self 1 Real Self What you think of yourself 2 3 Public Self How you
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