Test groups of people varying in age to test human development Testing the same group of people at varying ages as they grow to eliminate environmental variables in the study A combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design CH 8 Development Tuesday March 11 2014 10 01 AM Cross Sectional Design o Longitudinal Design o Cross sequential desgn o Genetics and Development organism Childhood Genetics the science of inherited traits DNA deoxyribonucleic acid special molecule that contains the genetic material of the Gene section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements o o Dominant referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait Recessive referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene Nature vs Nurture Nature the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions Nurture the influence of the environment on personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions Behavioral genetics focuses on nature vs nurture Conception the moment at which a female becomes pregnant Ovum the female sex cell or egg Fertilization the union of the ovum and sperm Monozygotic twins identical twins formed when one zygote splits into 2 separate masses of cells each which develops into a separate embryo Dizygotic twins often called fraternal twins occurs when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time Periods of pregnancy Germinal period first 2 weeks after fertilization o Embryonic period the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization during which the major Zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining organs and structures of the organism develop o Called embryo o Critical periods times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant Teratogen any factor that can cause a birth defect o Fetal period the time from about 8 weeks after conception until birth o After birth Fetus 5 infant reflexes o o o o o 6 motor milestones o o o o o o Grasping reflex Startle reflex also known as Moro Rooting turn toward touched cheek Stepping reflex Sucking reflexing Raising head and chest 2 4 months Rolling over 2 5 months Sitting up with support 4 6 months Sitting up without support 6 7 months Crawling 7 8 months Walking 8 18 months Physical development in infancy and childhood The senses except for vision are fairly well developed at birth Gross and fine motor skills develop at a fast pace during infancy and early childhood Cognitive development Cognitive development the development of thinking problem solving and memory schemas o Memory schemas a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events Piaget s Stage theory o environment Sensorimotor stage uses the senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the Object permanence knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight o Preoperational stage learn to use language as a means of exploring the world Egocentrism inability to see the world through anyone else s eyes Centration tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features Conservation ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object s nature Irreversibility inability to mentally reverse an action o Concrete operations stage capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking o Vygotsky s Theory o o skilled children and adults Formal operations stage become capable of abstract thinking Piaget stressed the importance of the child s interaction with objects Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interationc with others typically more highly o Scaffolding process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable Language development Modern theories of language o Focus on environmental influences on language o Child directed speech children attend to higher pitched repetitous sing songs speech o Receptive productive lag Stages of language development o o o o Cooing Babbling One word speech holophrases Telegraphic speech putting together sentences Temperament and attachment Easy regular adaptable and happy Difficult irregular non adaptable and irritable Slow to warm up need to adjust gradually to change Temperament the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well estblished at birth o o o Attachment the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver o o o Secure Avoidant Ambivalent CH 12 Social Psychology Tuesday March 18 2014 9 11 AM Social psychology or implied presence of others Social influence Study of how a person s thoughts feelings and behaviors are influenced by the real imagined The process through with the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts feelings and behavior of an individual The customary rules that govern behavior in groups and societies changing one s own behavior to match that of other people Social norms Conformity Groupthink and compliance Groupthink o Occurs when people plac more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned Compliance o Obedience o o Changing one s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change Changing one s behavior at the command of an authority figure Milgram study teacher administered what he or she thought were real shocks to a learner 4 ways to gain compliance Foot in the door technique o Asking for a small commitment and after gaining compliance asking for a bigger Asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment Door in the face technique o commitment Lowball technique o That s not all technique o Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment The persuader makes an offer then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision Group polarization Members involved in a group discussion take a more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions than individuals who have not participated in a group discussion Social loafing and social facilitation Social facilitation o The presence of other people to have a positive impact on the
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