HIST 0430 notes midterm review page 1 Oda Nobunaga first of unifiers 1534 1582 would kill bird that doesn t sing began as modest lord rose to power via terror o ravaged Buddhist temples grounded authority on religious and secular right to rule o l tat c est moi allowed autonomous villages as long as taxes were paid innovator o bureaucratic system of taxation o separated military lords from fiefs established his right to reassign subordinate lords o pioneered qualitative quantitative agricultural surveys o began practice of establishing sharp class boundaries by 1582 death by underling consolidated 33 of Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1536 1598 would make bird sing lieutenant of Nobunaga overachiever o rose from low born foot soldier pursued politics of alliance o not as ruthless as Nobunaga o accepted oaths of fealty controlled all of Japan by 1591 continued and systematized Nobunaga s systems o solidified samurai as class o 1588 sword hunts to disarm peasants o took hostages from daimyo to ensure loyalty 2 failed invasions of Korea 1592 1597 o presented as sacred national campaigns o obsessed with conquering China via Korea and heir in last few years turned against Jesuit missionaries o Hideyoshi s edict against Christianity started out strong weakened self deification like Nobunaga o hosted emperor as equal at Kyoto Sekigahara 1600 largest battle ever fought on Japanese soil Hideyoshi dead s forces vs Tokugawa wins o after battle Ieyasu unchallenged hegemony over Japan ended with Battle of Osaka Castle 1614 1615 HIST 0430 notes midterm review page 2 o 150k people only lasted 6 hours Tokugawa Ieyasu 1543 1616 organizer would wait for bird to sing peer of Hideyoshi but held back from challenging him o consolidated base in eastern Kanto Plain and waited o built up effective domain government in 1580s 1590s Battle of Sekigahara 1600 first Tokugawa ruler from 1603 o after Sekigahara unchallenged hegemony over Japan o harsh followed Hideyoshi s example and ruled through alliances with weak military leaders continued Nobunaga Hideyoshi s policies of economic support for the court o set of laws for nobles control over imperial family also inflated his status o presented emperor as his equal not above him o self deification made himself into an Asia wide universal god tried to destroy discredit Hideyoshi s shrines legitimacy as god like shogun o Great Incarnation Shining Over the East posthumous name o core ideas of proper political social order in first century of Tokugawa rule hierarchy is natural and just selfless service and accepting one s place within a hierarchical society are great virtues Tokugawa Ieyasu great sage founder source of all wisdom settlement with daimyo o limited castles to one per domain o required oaths of loyalty from daimyo o forbade daimyo from making alliances amongst themselves o sent inspectors to make sure all daimyo were in compliance o mandated all marriages receive Tokugawa approval o occasional coerced gifts never taxation 1605 retired and installed son Hidetada as shogun o ruled behind the scene until his death in 1616 Tokugawa Iemitsu ruled 1623 1651 Ieyasu s grandson third shogun o almost as important as Ieyasu also self deified o sought to replace Ise as premier sacred political symbol in the land HIST 0430 notes midterm review page 3 o foreigners had to pay respects at Nikko to him extended Tokugawa reach o established right to confiscate daimyo lands and give them to other lords he considered more reliable o ordered some daimyo to trade domains to weaken them o confiscated parts of domains gave them to lieutenants under his command Tokugawa house lands loyal daimyos fudai o also took land of former Tokugawa opponents and gave them to most especially tough on Sekigahara opposition tozama o all in all redistributed about 1 5 of Japan s arable land put in place system of alternate attendance o daimyo required to attend in capital Kyoto rather than live in had to keep a residence in Edo as well as in home domain wives and children would stay in Edo when they went to home domain alternate years essentially hostage neighborhoods of daimyo families o shogun could keep tabs on them and they wouldn t get too powerful domains at home o also utilized sporadically by Hideyoshi but regularized under 1630s required all commoners to register with a Buddhist temple Iemitsu between 1635 1642 o system tightened in 1665 temples ordered to guarantee religious loyalty o system of registration kept tabs on commoners didn t allow them to travel mobilize without permission o means to enforce ban on Christianity 1633 1639 series of edicts restricted interaction of people in Japan with foreigners Ryukyu Islands Japan o prohibited Japanese from going overseas west of Korea or south of o banned practice and teaching of Christianity travel of Catholics to o 1637 1638 Shimabara rebellion o forbade all remaining foreigners from traveling inland or selling giving books to anyone in Japan Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 1646 1709 Dog shogun Kaempfer meets aura of shogun competes with emperor first not raised as warrior Japan in peace edicts of compassion HIST 0430 notes midterm review page 4 o infanticide Commodore Matthew C Perry 1853 brings letter from US o agree to trade in peace or suffer consequences in war o only brought 4 ships of war but promised to return a year later with more if necessary sparked panic among Edo s population wanted Japanese to sell coal to naval ships and allow provisioning stops to whalers Perry brings letter 1853 returns a year later 1854 returns with 9 ships 3 frigates o Treaty of Kanagawa bakufu agree to allow American ships to stop in remote Shimoda and Hakodate could also station a consul in Shimoda o not immediate opening for trade but Western powers pressed advantage bakuhan system etymology o bakufu tent name of Tokugawa shogunate o han domains 3 categories of domains o shimpan collateral houses pick from domains when royal line runs out hereditary vassals closely tied to main line most of officials chosen from fudai o fudai o tozama clans that sided against Tokugawa at Sekigahara outer lords daimyo alternate attendance Dejima Engelbert Kaempfer after other Westerners left Japan 1639 1642 Dutch the only ones left o content to keep religion to themselves and focus on trade took residence in Nagasaki harbor tiny island that only held about 14 people German doctor that served as physician at Dejima wrote premier text on Japan the first and foremost of its kind