Types of executive systems types of public bureaucracy relations politicians and bureaucrats problems in executive governance Head of state symbolic figurehead ex Queen of UK US President head of government chief executive cid 127 makes policy coordinates government functions really responsible of government ex US President Executive branch government ministries secretaries in US cid 127 make policy supervise implementation the cabinet Cabinet of Ministers in French Speaking countries cid 127 ministers are members of parliament MPs no US style separation of powers Prime Minister is also MP principle of ministerial responsibility individual ministers held responsible for ministries before parliament hierarchy of ministries some more prestigious than others ex Secretary of Energy Secretary of State Defense Civil Service Public Administration Policy Implementation work for government for a long time supposedly impartial don t work with party affiliations types of executive systems classification one relations between legislature and executive parliamentary government cid 127 most common type in Western Europe head of state president symbolic figurehead president has mostly ceremonial responsibilities elected indirectly by electoral college cid 127 Germany Italy Austria Hungary etc accountable to the electoral college cid 127 monarch constitutional monarchy cid 127 monarch has only ceremonial responsibilities head of government and cabinet always elected in the same way selected by Parliament by Vote of Confidence people vote for representatives not for the prime minister vote of confidence by majority of member parties coalition governments may form as a result of this head of gov t and cabinet accountable to parliament not directly to citizens vote of no confidence censure irregular election cycles UK Germany Italy Netherlands Sweden Denmark Portugal Greece Spain etc offices of head of state and head of government are separated and distinct Belgium Denmark Luxembourg The Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden United Kingdom cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 minority government Prime Minister and Cabinet are from a party coalition of parties that don t have a majority of seats in parliament cid 127 majority of members of parliament support Prime Minister and the Cabinet some parties support the government even though they contribute no cabinet members executive prime minister and cabinet has right of legislative initiative in parliamentary systems a vote of confidence that unseats the current government and installs a new government at the same time right of legislative initiative right to propose new legislation constructive vote of no confidence 1 Germany 2 Spain recent trends cabinets are becoming smaller de facto shift in power from Parliament to Cabinet parliamentary government cabinet government executives control legislature through political parties centralization of power around the PM presidentialization of politics semi presidential government France Finland Russia Poland etc French invention Head of state elected directly by citizens some are powerful France most aren t accountable to the people head of government head of government and cabinet selected by legislature vote of confidence head of government is accountable to the legislature can be removed from power with vote of no confidence head of state and government have different policy responsibilities history Charles de Gaulle WWII hero leader of resistance against Nazi Germany during French Occupation French president 1958 1968 founder of fifth republic during Algerian war unstable French government cid 127 maintain the colony for economic and power purposes amidst political instability cohabitation divided government head of state and head of government are from different parties problematic especially in France socialist PM and conservative President wouldn t look at one another even classification two how many parties for parliamentary majority cid 127 majoritarian vs consensual systems classification meaningful only in parliamentary and semi presidential systems executive must enjoy confidence of majority in legislature how many parties do we need to elect a new PM cid 127 majoritarian one party has majority in legislature head of government and cabinet gets vote of confidence by majority party cid 127 Greece Spain Portugal and Turkey consensus based a coalition of parties has majority in legislature HG and cabinet gets vote of confidence by majority coalition cid 127 most common Netherlands Scandinavia Belgium Austria Germany public administration types of bureaucratic systems Anglo American USA UK Napoleonic France Italy Spain Greece cid 127 Germanic Germany Austria cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Scandinavian Politicians and Bureaucrats Politicians have legitimacy but lack skills Administrators have skills and can control policies But lack legitimacy and accountability Recent tendency outsourcing programs to independent agencies Increased efficiency of public administration Reduced influence of administrators on policy Accountability Coordination problems among different programs Fleischer Article Role of policy units in Cabinet decision making Policy unit team of advisors to Prime Minister Role determined by Position of Prime Minister in Cabinet cid 127 Majority government vs Coalition government UK and France In the UK the PM is very very powerful PM controls the cabinet All members of cabinet are from the same party UK policy units politically significant cid 127 Germany mostly administrative support Presidents in the Fifth Republic 1959 today Years in Office Name 1959 69 1969 74 1974 81 1981 95 1995 2007 2007 12 2012 today Charles de Gaulle Georges Pompidou