Ch 8 Lecture 1 Outline Childhood What is human development death o The scientific study of the changes that occur from the aging from conception to What are some of the ways in which we study human development o Longitudinal studies tested during one year and again 4 years later research design where one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time o Cross sectional designs research design where several different participant age groups are studied at one particular point in time o Cross sequential designs a combination of longitudinal and cross sectional What are the roles of nature nurture and genetics on development o Genetics the science of inherited traits o Nature the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions o Nurture the influence of the environment on personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions o Behavioral genetics focuses on nature vs genetic Explain genes section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements o DNA special molecule that contains the genetic material o Recessive gene that only influences the expression of the trait when paired with an identical gene o Dominant a gene that actively contains the expression of the trait Children What are the developmental stages of a human from conception to birth o Conception the moment when the female becomes pregnant o What are twins and what are the types o Monozygotic twin identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells such of which develops into a separate embryo o Dizygotic Fraternal twins occurs when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in the uterus at the same time What are the periods of pregnancy o Germinal first two weeks after conception The zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining o Embryonic 2 8 weeks after fertilization during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop embryo Critical periods time during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant Teratogens any factor that can cause a birth defect o Fetal the time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the child fetus What reflexes do babies exhibit after birth o Grasping reflex o Startle reflex Moro reflex o Rooting reflex when you touch a baby s cheek it will turn toward your hand open its mouth and search for the nipple o Stepping reflex o Sucking reflex What are the six motor milestones o Raising head and chest 2 4 months o Rolling over 2 5 months o Sitting up with support 4 6 months o Sitting up without support 6 7 months o Crawling 7 8 months o Walking 8 18 months o The motor milestones develop as the infant gains greater voluntary control over the muscles in its body How well developed are the senses of a baby o The senses except for vision are fairly well developed at birth o Growth and fine motor skills develop at a fast pace during infancy and early childhood What are the cognitive developmental stages of childhood according to Piaget o Cognitive development the development of thinking problem solving and memory schemas a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events o Sensorimotor stage use of the senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment sight o Object performance knowledge that the object exist even if the object is not in o Preoperational learning to use language as a means of exploring the world Egocentrism inability to see the world through anyone else s eyes Centration tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features Conservation ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object s nature Irreversibility the inability to mentally reverse an action Concrete operations stage capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking Formal operations become capable of abstract thinking What is Vygotsky s theory of development o Piaget stressed the importance if the child s interactions with objects o Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interactions with others typically more highly skilled children and adults o Scaffolding process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable What are the theories and stages of language development o Modern Theories of Language Focus on environmental influences on language Child directed speech children attend to higher pitched repetitious sing song speech Receptive productive lag o Stages of Language Development Cooing Babbling One Word Speech Holophrases Telegraphic Speech What do we mean when we are discussing a child s temperament o Temperament the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth Easy regular adaptable and happy Difficult irregular nonadaptable and irritable Slow to warm up need to adjust gradually to change What are the different types of attachment styles o Attachment the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver Secure Avoidant Upset when parent leaves when they return you want nothing to do with them Ambivalent When parent leaves the child cannot be calmed down What do we mean when we talk about critical periods o A phase in the life span during which one has a heightened sensitivity to stimuli which are necessary for the development of a particular skill If one is not exposed to the appropriate stimuli in this time period it may become very difficult to impossible to develop the function or skill later in life Ex Genie locked up in a basement until the age of 15 Adolescence What is adolescence o From about age 13 to the early 20s during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent self supporting adult Puberty the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak Period of about 4 years What are Erikson s stages of development Specifically what are the stages and thought processes experienced during adolescence o 5th stage Identity versus role confusion The adolescent must find a consistent sense of self Egocentric Thinking harm o Personal fable Young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from o Imaginary audience Young people believe that other people are just as concerned about their thoughts
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