Chapter 4 Listening The Importance of Listening Active process not passive A person s perceptions can affect listening skills Through listening you gain language culture ect The Listening Process sensory channels Hearing is a biological activity that involves reception of a message through Listening is a process that involves reception attention perception the assignment of meaning and the listeners response to the message presented hearing is a part of listening Initial step of listening reception of both the auditory visual message o Listeners only recall of what they hear 2nd step attention o Listeners ability to focus attention is limited to 7 20 minutes for an activity o A person s working memory capacity is made up of both the memory and the attention functions and listeners shift in and out of long term memory to retrieve and store stimuli while at the same time attempting to pay attention to the speakers message o Role of motivation concentration necessary to listen effectively o We can receive messages faster than others can talk so that s why we often tune in and out o Paraphrasing making a summary of the ideas you have just received o Perception a person takes the material received and attempts to analyze what has been said screening process your background culture attitudes ect Perceptual filter strains the stimuli you receive to separate what makes sense form what doesn t so that you can organize and interpret the message Selective perception narrow our attention to specific bits of info Sensorium the perceptual screen though which you receive and interpret messages 3rd step assignment of meaning the process of putting the stimulus into some predetermined category o Schema individual folders that we categorize things into o Left side brain thinking logical thinking analysis accuracy linear learners listeners so straight line in their learning preferences like structure specifics logic based arguments NOT generalizations abstractions o Right side brain thinking feelings creativity aesthetics global listeners learners like listening learning rather than technical explanations likes to follow visuals interact o Role of culture in assigning meaning ex Asians stress good listening by being a silent communicator Low context cultures communicators expect to give and receive a great deal of info since these cultures perceive that most message info is contained in words speaker s responsibility to make sure the listener understands ex USA Canada High context cultures more of the info is situated in the communicators themselves so fewer words are necessary responsibility of the listener to understand ex Japan Saudi Arabia o Differentiate factual statements those based on observable phenomena or common acceptance from opinions inferences or judgments made by the speaker o Recognize your own emotion biases 4th step response internal or external intellectual or emotional o Remembering names tie a picture to the name repeat the name after it is o Ask questions enables listeners to ensure that the message they have received and interpreted is consistent with the speaker s original message o Feedback cues verbal or nonverbal nodding head shaking head smiling said frowning Certain key influencers can facilitate or hinder the process o Role of the speaker Speakers credibility don t just believe them b c they are a celebrity Speakers appearance o Role of the message Must be clearly organized o Role of the channel Auditory vs visual Electronic vs face to face o Role of external and internal variables External noise hinders listening Internal physical state experiences attitudes memory expectations o Role of time Listeners need to have the time and be willing to take the time Discriminative listening we attempt to distinguish auditory and visual stimuli Comprehension listening the objective is to recognize and retain the information o Increased by knowing how to take notes o Clarifying confirming used to improve concentration listener asks for additional info another Works well with bridging relating one part of the message to Therapeutic listening requires a listener to learn when to ask questions when to stimulate further discussion and when to give advice Critical listening centers on the listener evaluating the message that has been received a critical listener assesses the arguments and appeals in a message and then decides whether to accept reject them judgments should take into account o The personal appeal of the speaker o The speakers arguments and evidence o The speakers motivational appeals o Assumptions on the part of the speaker o What is not said Appreciative listening takes place when a person engages in enjoyment of or sensory stimulation to a message such as listening to humorous speakers comedians or music videos Listening Apprehension Listener apprehension the fear of misinterpreting inadequately processing and or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages sent by others Improving Your Listening 1 Turn off your smart phone and focus on the moment you can t multitask 2 Recognize that both the sender and receiver share responsibility for effect communication 3 Suspend judgment 4 Be a patient listener 5 Avoid egospeak is the art of boosting our own ego by speaking only about what we want to talk about and not caring about what the other person is speaking about jump into convo and speak your piece listening to the beginning of someone s sentence and interrupting by saying yes but 6 Be careful with emotion responses to works 7 Be aware that your posture affects your listening 8 Control distractions 9 Tune into the speaker s cues 10 Paraphrase 11 Visualize
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