Communication a conscious or unconscious intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and or nonverbal messages that are sent received and comprehended Can be verbal nonverbal conscious unconscious intentional unintentional Three models of communication Linear model of communication a source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels The receiver then receives and decodes the message Interactional model of communication a source encodes and sends a message to a receiver through one or more sensory channels The receiver receives and decodes the message as in linear communication but then encodes feedback and sends it back to the source thus making the process two directional The source then decodes the feedback message Based on the original message sent and the feedback received the source encodes a new message that adjusts to the feedback adaptation Transactional model of communication where communicators simultaneously process messages Its is the most effective form of communication if both of the communicators are continually aware of everything around them that effects communication Noise any internal or external interference in the communication process Environmental noise outside interference that prevents the receiver from Physiological impairment noise a physical problem that can block the effective gaining the message sending or receiving of a message Semantic noise problems that arise due to the use of words Can occur when using language that is specific to a certain group Syntactical noise inappropriate grammatical usage Organizational noise when the source fails to realize that certain ideas are best grasped when presented in a structured order Cultural noise results from preconceived unyielding attitudes derived from a group or society about how members of that culture should act or in what they should or should not believe Psychological noise things like stress anger or other emotions that may cause you to lose your train of thought Intracultural communication when you interact with those with whom you have a cultural bond Intercultural communication when you speak to those with whom you have little or no cultural bond Ethnocentrism the idea that we consider the views and standards of our own in group as much more important than any out groups Cultural Relativism a worldview and standpoint that no culture as such is superior to any other one and that any culture deserves to be described understood and judged on its own premises Sapir Whorf Hypothesis also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis theorizes that a persons understanding of the world and how the person behaves in it are based on the language a person speaks The Cybernetic process Input you were taught something like a word Storage the image and the word have been placed in your cortex Stimulus the sight of object or word Search your mind looks through its storage system to sort through its visual signals Recall find the symbol that represents the image Output you identify the symbol or word Denotative direct explicit meanings Connotative have an implied or suggested meaning Semantics study of the relationship between language and meaning Five Functions of Language Emotive employs emotional connotative words to express the feelings attitudes and emotions of the speaker o any kind of descriptive words Phatic one whose only function is to perform a social task as opposed to conveying information Language functions such as greetings farewells and small talk exchanges are included in this group o for example the question How are you usually isn t meant to elicit information it is just a greeting Cognitive function is to convey information tends to be denotative Rhetorical the purpose is to influence thoughts and behaviors Use of connotative terms to be persuasive by using emotionally vivid pictures and drawing implications while developing emotional appeals Identifying centers on naming persons or things specifically thus being able to clarify exactly what we are speaking about Use of names instead of pronouns Mitchell vs He Language Distortion when people intentionally or unintentionally distort information as they process it and people intentionally or unintentionally use language that is unclear caused by ambiguity vagueness inferences or message adjustment Doublespeak the intended or accidental purpose to mislead distort reality make the bad seem good create a false verbal map of the world or create incongruity between reality and what is said or not said Inferences when we interpret beyond available information or jump to conclusions without using all of the information available Linguist a social scientist who studies the structures of various languages Dialect a social or regional variation of language Standard dialects high prestige dialects Nonstandard dialects low prestige dialects Slang denotes words that are related to a specific activity or incident and are immediately understood by members of a particular group Inarticulates uttered words or phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listener gain a clear understanding of the message such as the phrase stuff like that or speech fillers Accent regional differences in pronunciation Nonverbal Communication composed of all the messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves Kinesics body movement Facsics facial expressions Ocalics eyes Gestics gestures o Emblems nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition consisting of one or two words Haptics study of the use of touch Body Synnchrony posture and the way a person walks and stands Artifactics material items on your body o Halo effect attractive people are often given credit for other qualities such as high intelligence and better job performance o Devil effect a negative evaluation given to unattractive people because of the way they look regardless of their intelligence or job performance Proxemics study of how people use and perceive their social and personal space o Intimate distance 18 inches o Personal distance 18 inches to 4 ft o Social distance 4 ft to 12 ft o Public distance 12 ft to 25 ft Paravocalics characteristics of voice but not the actual words themselves such as rate volume pitch pause and stressing of sounds Chronemics the way people handle and structure their time Olfactics smell Aesthetics music color Gustorics taste Types of Listening
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