Social Psychology Textbook Summary presence of another person can enhance simple task performance individual effort decreases as group size increases behaviorism is all about reward and punishment learning ABC affect emotion behavioral actions cognition thinking power of situation is important independent variable obs event that causes person to do something more than one independent variable is a factorial design dependent variable obs behavior due to independent variable operational definition defines variables and operations measurements etc experiments must have control and random assignment control allows for causation random assignment means each person has an equal chance of being in each group confederate is secretly apart of the experiment field experiments are conducted in real world not lab experimental realism people forget they are in experiment mundane realism setting and procedures resemble real world correlational study observe things as they are does not allow for claiming causation parts of self include self concept self knowledge info about self self esteem interpersonal public self connects you socially agent or executive function gets things done choices and control main purposes of self social acceptance and social roles Asians think self is interdependent Americans view it as independent self awareness is involved in self evaluation private internal states public how you are being perceived by others self awareness is unpleasant compare to high standards can make people act better more complex in humans than any other species necessary for self regulation and understanding people s perspective looking glass self we learn about ourself from how others judge us over justification effect intrinsic motivation decreases when activity becomes externally re phenomenal working self self knowledge that is currently active in one s thoughts motives for self knowledge 1 appraisal learn about self for curiosity 2 self enhancement learn flattering info about self 3 consistency get feedback that confirms what you think self handicapping putting obstacles so if you fail you don t suck but if you succeed you are really Chapter 1 Chapter 3 warded great self reference effect info about self is remembered more and thought about more deeply self concept will probably change to be consistent with public self and with what you wanna be lieve about yourself not depressed see world biased depressed see world realistically self serving bias claim credit for success deny blame for failure sociometer theory self esteem measured by what others think of you high self esteem think you are great feels good fosters initiative not too many advantages in objective sense high self esteem associated with narcissism negative qualities prejudice aggression low self esteem think you are okay not awful do not want to fail uncertain about self con cept self protection motives not self enhancement prone to emotional highs and lows basking in reflected glory associate yourself with winner trying to get empty self esteem is harmful people are more concerned with looking good to others than self self presentation any behavior that gives info about you to another person wanted for social acceptance may do risky things to make good impression Chapter 4 behavior has meaning thoughts and feelings serve interpersonal functions imagining something makes it more likely to happen making choice involves selecting from narrowed down options risk aversion we are more affected by loss than gain temporal discounting more concerned with now than future in making choices women do not want to have kid with a shitty man man does not want to miss opportunity to have a kid certainty effect more emphasis on definite outcomes than chance of something people postpone hard decisions and keep options open status quo bias keep things the same omission bias course of action that does not require work reactance freedom of choice is removed want lost option more entity theorist fixed traits incremental theorist traits changeable learned helplessness think you will fail so stop trying believing in free will prosocial behavior self determination theory people need to feel like their behavior is due to free will panic button effect escape option makes people feel comforted goals are necessary for self involves conscious and automatic processing Zeigarnik effect people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better goal shielding keeping others from fucking up your goals people make overly optimistic goals self regulation 1 standards how things should be 2 monitoring watching behaviors 3 will power capacity for change put behavior in line with standards tote test operate test exit self regulation feedback loop willpower is a muscle can be strengthened delaying gratification better life outcomes Chapter 5 people think about people more than anything to avoid compete or be accepted cognitive miser laziness in thinking rely on automatic mind schemas knowledge structure about a given thing violation of expectation sparks conscious thinking scripts define situations and guide behavior goals in thinking 1 to be correct 2 reach a conclusion 3 reach a decision answer quickly stroop effect automatic response to say word not color automatic mind vs controlled thought 1 intention 2 effort 3 control 4 efficiency priming things on your mind easily accessed framing how something is presented thought suppression has opposite effect what the heck effect dieters eat more when they think they have broken diet self serving bias take credit for success not failure actor observer bias actor makes external attributions observers make internal fundamental attribution error correspondence bias people attribute other s behavior to internal covariation principle for something to cause behavior it but be there when behavior occurs and things not when it does not covariation info 1 consensus 2 consistency 3 distinctiveness heuristics mental shortcuts representativeness frequency of event based on how much it resembles typical case availability based on which relevant instances come to mind simulation how easily you can imagine an event anchoring and adjustment use a starting point and make adjustments from there people pay attention to case history info info from few people instead of statistical info confirmation bias pay closer attention to things that confirm belief illusionary correlation overestimate link between variables problem with media make
View Full Document
Unlocking...