INTRODUCTARY INFO CHAPTER 1 Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication a source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels ex used by advertisers public speakers appearing on TV leaving a message on an answering machine Interactional Model of Communication a source encodes and sends a message o a receiver through one or more of the sensory channels The receiver receives and decodes the message but than encodes feedback and sends it back to a source Ex managers parents professors use this to ensure the employees children and students understand the message Transactional Model of Communication communicators simultaneously process messages ex while communicating a nod or I know shows understanding LISTENING CHAPTER 4 Discriminative attempting to distinguish auditory and visual stimul We can come to understand differences in verbal sounds dialects pronunciation and nonverbal behaviors gestures facial reactions We can determine if a person is being sarcastic negative cautious or uncooperative because we realize that the same set of words can be taken in a variety of ways Comprehensive to recognize and retain the info in a message PUBLIC SPEAKING UNIT CHAPTERS 11 16 Public Communication involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience Listenable Speech a speech that is formatted in a way that when it is understood by listeners A listenable speech is based on words that are meant to be heard rather than those that are meant to be read Those who prepare speeches should be careful to use words and ideas that the audience can quickly grasp and understand Impressing your audience is not necessary you just must be CLEAR Prior to the speech analysis this information will aid in dealing with selecting or refining a topic developing the speech selecting appropiate language and deciding what information to include in the presentation Audience analysis consists of assessing the demographic psychographic and rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners Postspeech analysis evaluating the effect of the speech following the presentation through the question and answer session questionnaires and personal feedback Rhetorographics the place time limit time of day and emotional climate of a speech Demographics your listeners characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds include age gender religion ethnicity education occupation and race Psychographics the audience s attitudes and beliefs are an important consideration Statement of Central Idea before putting together the actual presentation public speakers find it useful to compose a statement of central idea It defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech Goal of the Speech expressed in terms of its expected outcome To inform impart new information and secure understanding or reinforce information and understandings acquired in the past or to persuade attempt to get the listener to take some action to accept a belief or to change a point of view are the speech goals Method of Speech Development encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation A topic that requires an in depth study of one fact for example how cast members are chosen for a theatrical production presents a detailed development of a single issue If the topic requires a complete survey of ideas a multiple number of topics may need to be covered for example how a play is cast rehearsed and performed Informative set up by explaining by summarizing by contrasting by describing by demonstrating and by analyzing Persuasive set up to accept that to support to agree with to contribute to to serve to share and to vote for Extemporaneous Speaking Mode are used by people who have more time to prepare for their presentations Developing a set of talking points in note or an outline to assist them in presenting their ideas This speaker knows in advance that she or he will be giving a speech and can prepare by doing research and planning the speech It offers advantages time to fine information needed to help accomplish the statement of central idea the use of quotations illustrations and statistics in written form for backing up ideas and a more spontaneous and natural oral presentation and physical presentation than are likely in the manuscript or memorized mode Other Speaking Modes Manuscript Mode the material is written out and delivered word for word This method offers the advantages or providing accurate language and solid organization In addition it gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech Disadvantage the manuscript is word for word record of the speech the speaker cannot easily adapt it to suit the audience during the presentation The speaker is stuck with the message as written Must be able to read effectively from the written page Memorized Speech mode a speech is written out word for word and then committed to memory This mode can be disastrous and the disadvantages overweigh the advantages Advantages the ability to select exact wording and examples look at the audience the entire time and ability to time the presentation precisely Primary Sources of Information sources that represent the original reports of the observations or research When the original work is not available you may find it necessary to go to secondary sources of information sources that report but did not originally generate the observations or research Internal Summary to avoid listener confusion summarize each segment of a presentation by providing an internal summary a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave before proceeding to the next segment Introduction attention gaining and orienting material Gain the listeners attention and orient them to the material that will be presented Supporting Material information used by a public speaker that clarifies a point being made in the speech or offers evidence of the validity or presented argument Delivery a speech can be enlivened by effective vocal and physical delivery Audience members tend to listen with more attention when a speaker is dynamic and enthusiastic Elements of delivery Vocal variety speaking in a number of different speeds to match the mood of the ideas you are presenting Pronunciation gestures incorporate the use of hands body movements and facial expressions eye contact look into the eyes of your audience rehearse and speak with confidence
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