Fungal Protozoan Pathogens final exam Pathogenic Fungi Types of Disease for classification o Infections Superficial Subcutaneous below the skin in the connective tissue area Deep systemic becomes more serious the deeper it goes fungi are in one or more organs within the human body o Intoxications ingesting a preform toxin Fungal Pathogen Examples Tinea o a superficial infection Histoplasma capsulatum o a systemic deep infection Ergotism o an intoxication Tinea most common pathogen Caused by fungi known as dermatophytes meaning skin o Pretty common in the soil o When have dirt or debris can isolate it Fungus limited to the epidermis and hair Causes reddening and itching of the skin Tinea pedis atheletes foot Histoplasma capsulatum pathogen agent of histoplasmosis name of disease Ohio valley fever fungi common in soils worldwide found in large numbers where there is high organic matter bird and bat droppings spores inhaled causes an initial infection of the lungs most persons with mild symptoms and recover without treatment a few persons have symptoms requiring treatment Prevalence of Histoplasmosis in our area of the US Histoplasmosis Severe form of the disease when fungi spreads to many tissues of the body Control o preventing birds from forming large roosts o were protective mask when entering contaminated areas Treatment o Amphotercin B itraconazole Fungal Intoxications Ergotism pathogen o Fungus Claviceps purpurea causes a disease in plants o Grows on rye o Releases several toxins known as ergot alkaloids Ergotism CNS hallucinations delirium mania formication feels like ants are burrowing and crawling into your skin Vascular severe vasoconstriction of blood vessels gangrene of extremities Protozoan Pathogens Genus Plasmodium Genus Toxoplasma Genus Cryptosporidium do not need to know Genus Giardia do not need to know Entamoeba histolytica do not need to know Genus Plasmodium pathogen causes malaria Apicomplexan group all parasites Human malaria agents o P falciparum most virulent Complex life cycle P vivax P ovale o asexual and sexual reproduction stages o several morphologic forms Indirect transmission o biologic vector Anopheles mosquito Malaria Major cause of world wide morbidity and mortality Causes some of the highest rates of infection in the planet 200 million cases yr 1 2 million deaths per year o 50 of morbidity are children only one other single organism causes more morbidity and mortality Mycobacterium tuberculosis Endemic Areas Malaria organism not present in USA only cases travelers Life Cycle o Asexual Phase takes place in human several morphologic forms Sporozoites liver stage merozoite RBC stage gametocytes o Sexual Phase takes place in mosquito Life Cycle Infectied stage sporozoite o First attacks the liver the liver stage o Start to multiply in the liver o Go through a round of asexual reproduction and produce a merozoites lots of them o Leave the lvier and attack the blood cells red blood cell stage Shows symptoms o Slowly reproduce in the RBCs o Break out of RBC and infect more RBCs o Some of the merozoites change into gametocytes Gametocytes will eventually produce gametes o Parasites sucked up into the mosquito and then sexual reproduction occurs spreads it cycle occurs all over again Merozoites in RBCs on a slide clear circle with dark marks on it dark mark merozite Malaria Pathogenesis o severity of disease depends on species of Plasmodium o disease due to merozoites disrupting RBCs rupture of the RBCs o spleen and the liver try to take out and remove the defective RBCs o signs and symptoms fever fatigue chills malaise Hemolytic anemia rupture of RBCS rapid pulse spleen and liver enlargement rupture pulmonary and cerebral complications o blood smear can see the merozoites on the RBCs and symptoms Malaria Diagnosis Treatment Prevention o usually some derivative of quinine chloroquine mefloquine primaquine o no vaccine available o prophylaxis preventative med o daily use of antimalarial drugs o spraying around buildings with a pesticide Genus Toxoplasma pathogen Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis disease o Apicomplexan parasite 90 have come into contact with this o zoonotic disease cats are primary host entire life cycle occurs in cat many other mammals and birds can become infected most persons have been infected asymptomatic or flu like Toxoplasmosis big agent that aids person can die from health concerns o immunocompromised o pregnant women damage to fetus transmission o contact with cat feces o ingestion of undercooked meat Toxoplasmosis Cycle o Disease tends to occur in the cat OOcysts infective stage in the cat o Cats ingest oocyst o Fecal in plants o Livestock can pick up the oocysts o We eat the meat o Effects us Main preventative aimed towards pregnant women o Don t cook raw meat o Have someone else take out cats
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