M icrobiology Exam 1 Study Guide - Gram negative cell wall has an outer membrane- Fimbrae: allow bacteria to anchor/form biofilms- Sex Pillus: Allow bacteria to mate/exchange genetic info.- symport proteins allow the transport of 2 substances in the same direction- a non- enveloped virus is easier to kill than prions - Phototrophs: bacteria that get their energy from the sun - thermophiles: prefer very warm temperatures (45-70)- Staphylococcus (non-spore former) is easier to kill than Mycobacterium- Staphylococcus (non- spore former) is easier to kill than Bacillius antracis- Staphylococci: spherical bacteria that form large irregular groups - Ethylene oxide kills bacteria by the mechanism of mutation- Ultraviolet irradiation kills bacteria by the mechanisms of creating double stranded breaks in DNA, creating highly reactive free radicals, and creating thymine dimmers in theDNA- Gram negative cell wall is made of thick layer of peptidoglycan- The cell number is low and does not increase during lag phase- cell number doubles every generation in log (exponential) phase- cell number is high but does not increase during stationaryphase- Alcohols kill bacteria by the mechanism of dehydration- Chemotrophs: bacteria that get their energy from organic chemicals - antiport proteins allow the transport of 2 substances in opposite directions - Mycobacterium tuberculosis is easier to kill than Clostridium tetanii (spore former) - death phase follows prolonged stationary phase - Ozone, Halogens and Peroxides kill bacteria by the mechanism of oxidation- the bacterial cell membrane regulates what goes in/out of the cell- Capsule: Allows bacteria to eva endocytosis by phagocytes of the immune system - Sex Pillus’s function is to transfer genetic information to other bacteria - Diplococci: Spherical bacteria that from groups of two - Hyperthermophiles: prefer extremely hot temps. (70-110)- Vancomycin is especially effective against staphylococcus aureus- log (exponential) phase follows lag phase- Obligate Aerobes: are bacteria that grow only in the presence of oxygen - The time necessary to kill a bacterial population depends on: a number of organisms to start with, the method of sterilization, and the type of contaminating organism - Gentamicin is especially effective against Pseudomonas- Vancomycin kills microorganisms by the mechanism of inhibiting Murein biosynthesis- Streptococci: spherical bacteria that form long chains - Lithotrophs: bacteria that get their energy from inorganic sources- Heterotrophs: bacteria that get their carbon from organic chemicals - The gram negative cell wall has a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane- Psychophiles: prefer cool temps (-5 to 15)- The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan- Autotrophs: bacteria that get their carbon from CO2 - Stationary Phase: follows exhaustion of nutrients and/or build-up of toxic waste by products - In the death phase cell numbers decrease- Streptomycin kills microorganisms by the mechanism of inhibiting translation- Uniport proteins allow the transport of 1 substance in 1 direction- Bacteria that form groups can evade the immune system longer and remain localized- Staphylococcus (non-spore former) is easier to kill than prions- Clavulanic acid helps kill microorganisms by the mechanism of suicide inhibiting of beta-lactamase- Mesophiles prefer moderate temperatures (25-45)- Amoxycillin, a synthetic derivative of Penicillin is effective against gram positive and gram negative- Faculative Anaerobes: bacteria that grow better in the presence of
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