Review Questions for Microbiology Exam 2Questions: Chapter 71.) What are the major Bioelements?2.) What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?3.) What are the three ways cells bring nutrients into the cell?4.) Define and describe the differences between Autotrophs, Photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoherterotrophs? 5.) Name and describe the 4 types of chemoautotrophs.6.) Which type of bacterial growth has a build-up of waste products? Why is there a build-up of waste products?7.) How do bacteria reproduce?8.) Name each phase in a Closed System, and describe the characteristics of each. What is this “growth pattern” called? (what type of curve)9.) What happens to water in a flask when bacteria grow in it? What is this phenomenon called?10.)Which type of enumeration requires a computer/electric device?11.)How does temperature affect the rate of growth for microorganisms?12.)How does temperature affect the membrane fluidity in a cell?13.)What category of microbial growth includes microorganisms that may attack the human body?14.)Some microbes require oxygen for energy metabolism. How do these microbes get rid of toxic oxygen derivatives (free-radicals)?15.)Which two pathways DO NOT require oxygen?16.)Out of the 4 aerobes/anaerobes, which is most likely to need enzymes that will get rid of toxic oxygen derivatives? Why? Which is the least likely?17.)What is the difference between alkaphiles and acidophiles?18.)What is special about Halophiles?19.)What are two ways of microbial growth in aquatic environments?20.)Define biofilm and describe its Medical importance.Chapter 11 Questions 1.) What can overuse of antibacterial/cleaning agents lead to?2.) If you wanted to clean a skin surface, what type of cleaning approach would you use?3.) If you want to clean equipment before a surgery, what type of cleaning approach would you use?4.) Rank the microbes in order from HARDEST to kill to EASIEST to kill. (make sure you know)5.) What percent alcohols work the best?6.) What type of heat is most successful in killing microorganisms?7.) In order to successfully kill most organisms, what temperature do you need?8.) What type of control agent and what process would be used to reduce microbial levels in FOOD?9.) If using an autoclave, what are some things you would be using it for? How the autoclave use affect microbial growth/what type of agent is it?10.)What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?11.)What is the most important part of hand washing?12.)Why are quaternary Ammonia compounds one of the most common disinfectants used? What are some disadvantages of this control agent?13.)Name some advantages and disadvantages of Halogens and Phenolics.14.)Explain how the phenol coefficient is used.15.)Name and describe the difference between the two types of metabolism.16.)What are the electron donors for chemolithotrophy and chemoheterotrophy? 17.)What is a photon and what type of ATP production is it used for?18.)What are the three steps in Cellular Respiration?19.)Name the starting and ending products for each reaction within Cellular Respiration.20.)What is the final end product of Cellular Respiration?21.)What product/s is/are made in the first step of Cellular Respiration that is/are not used until later in Cellular Respiration?22.)What are some waste products given off during Cellular Respiration? What step are they given off during?23.)What type of organisms use Cellular Respiration?24.)In ATP, where is the energy located?25.)What type of metabolism is Cellular Respiration?26.)What goes into the Electron Transport Chain and what is needed in order for it to work?27.)How is Anaerobic Respiration different from Cellular Respiration (aerobic respiration)?28.)What are the start products and end products in fermentation?29.)How is Fermentation similar, different from Cellular Respiration?30.)Describe the two fermentation pathways.31.)What are some food products that result from fermentation?32.)What is unique about Chemolithotrophy?33.)What is the importance of Chemolithotrophy?34.)What is the final electron receptor of Chemolithotrophy?35.)What type of organism is capable of this metabolism?Chapter 9 Questions1.) What are two things cells do with their DNA?2.) What is the “Central Dogma of Biology”?3.) What is the difference between transcription and translation?4.) Why is RNA called the “working copy”?5.) Distinguish between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.6.) How are prokaryotes different than eukaryotes in respect to genetics?7.) Name and describe the two ways prokaryotes replicate.8.) What type of gene has introns?9.) What is polycistronic in reference to, and what does this mean?10.)How is prokaryotic gene expression different than eukaryotic gene expression? 11.)What is a ribosomal complex and where is it found?12.)When prokaryotes are in changing environments, how do they control gene expression?13.)What is an operon? Describe how the two types of operons work.14.)Describe the course of events that take place in a Lac Operon and a Repressible Operon. 15.)What is the difference between point mutations and frameshift mutations?16.)What could happen if you delete or add ONE base?17.)How can mutations be beneficial in microbiology?18.)How are spontaneous and induced mutations different? Name some examples of both.19.)Name and describe the three ways in which gene transfer can occur. (Know the definitions of each!) What can transduction result in?Chapter 10 Questions1.) What is recombinant DNA?2.) Describe the general procedure of vehicle transfer of DNA3.) What are 2 vectors used to transfer genes to Eukaryotic cells?4.) What could a virus be used for?5.) What kinds of microbes can be altered with DNA from other species?6.) Name and describe two ways in which a gene is inserted into plants/animals?7.) What is Lysostaphin? What is its significance in cows?8.) What is Bacillus Thuringiensis? What is its significance in corn?9.) What are two important enzymes used in producing recombinant DNA? What does each of them