Chapter3 Nonverbal Communication messages exchanged that are not made up of words such as crying smiling pointing staring Tend to be interpreted based on our own personal experiences and the assumption that everyone shares those experiences No one signal carries much meaning but factors gestures posture eye contact movement can be clustered together to form meaning Congruency relationship btwn current and past patterns of behavior o Example You don t look good today is comparing what a person looks like today with what she looked like in the past and how you usually perceive that person To acquire nonverbal signals 1 Innate Neurological Programs reflexive nonverbal reactions to stimuli that were imbedded in us at birth usually correlated with our need drive or survival drive a Example ducking when something is being thrown at us so that we do not get hit 2 Cultural and Intercultural Behavior reflective nonverbal behaviors from the culture which they were learned all cultures possess different body languages a Imitation we imitate the language behaviors of those around us b Action Chain behavioral sequence btwn 2 or more people where steps are taken to reach a communicative goal i In American culture being on time means arriving within 5 minutes of planned time of arrival If someone from a different culture plans a meeting with an American they may not know to arrive on time for respectful purposes and thus positive communication is lost and negative communication exists Verbal and Nonverbal Relationships 1 Substituting Relationship Replacing meaning for action a Example nodding your head yes instead of saying the words 2 Complementing Relationship Simultaneous saying and doing nonverbal message accompanies a verbal one a Example shaking your head no as you say the words 3 Conflicting Relationship Physical movements contradict verbal messages Usually it is more plausible to rely on nonverbal cues b c they come more unconsciously than words do a Example Saying I didn t do it but turning bright red at the same time b Expectancy Violation Theory If the norm of a communication activity is violated there will be predictable outcomes i Example if a person comes to close to you when you are having a convo with them you will usually look away and break eye contact b c you feel uncomfortable 4 Accenting Relationship Employing a nonverbal message to emphasize a verbal one a Example Poking someone in the shoulder while yelling at him or her to turn around Body Communication 1 Kinesics study of communication through bodily movements a Example Communicating through gestures facial expressions and posture 2 Facsics study of how the face communicates a Depicts personality interests emotional states and responsiveness b FACS Facial Action Coding System that gives information about how to read expressions and how often people are able to read them 3 Ocalics study of the eyes the primary way to receive and send body language a Example eye contact avoidance blinking b Pupilometrics pupils dilate when focused on pleasure and contract when focused on displeasure 4 Gestics study of bodily movements such as gestures a Gives clues about a person s mood cultural affiliations and self perceptions b Speaking and gesturing together facilitate the formation of words and help retrieve words from memory c Speech independent gestures not linked to speech aka embelems i Emblem nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition consisting of 1 or 2 words Tend to be culture specific 1 Example sign language scuba diving signals d Speech related gestures directly accompany the speaking process i Illustrators affect displays regulators and adaptors 1 Illustrators Used to sketch a path point to an object and show special relationships a Example pointing to the door as you tell someone to leave 2 Affect Displays facial gestures that show emotions feelings a Example pouting winking raising eyebrows 3 Regulators nonverbal acts that maintain control the conversational flow btwn 2 or more people a Example head nods eye movements and body shifts 4 Adaptors movements that accompany boredom show feelings or regulate a situation a Example If you are annoyed because someone is late you might stand 5 Haptics the study of the use of touch as communication there tapping your foot a Touch physically placing one s body part on another s body part that is done with or without permission Thus the skin is the receiver of communication b Touch Avoidance the degree to which an individual dislikes being touched i Message depends on how and whom the touch is from 1 Example kisses from lovers are for passion while a handshake from a boss is for authority ii The way you perceive touch is based on your culture 6 Body Synchrony the study of posture the way a person walks and stands a Walk gives clues about status mood ethnic cultural affiliation and self perception 7 Artifacts the study of our person items and what those items say about who we are and how we want to be perceived as individuals a Example jewelry clothing style makeup eye glasses b Physical Characteristics such as height weight and skin color also communicate something about us to others i Halo Effect attractive people are given credit for other qualities unrelated to looks such as intelligence and better job opportunities ii Devil Effect unattractive people are given a negative evaluation despite their intelligence or job performance Spatial Communication 1 Proxemics the study of how people use and perceive their social personal space a Culture and Space All cultures have different concepts of space and different amounts of space between people that they feel is appropriate and inappropriate Either way emotional states can change the closeness of space which one is comfortable with i Contact Cultures characterized by physical modes of communication ii Non Contact Cultures characterized by non tactile modes of communication 2 Space Distances By examining space distances we can see how space relates to different cultures a Intimate Distance Ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of 1 5 feet away i Used for private activities like sexual contact b Personal Distance Ranges from 1 5 feet or 18 inches to 4 feet away Also known as the i Used for normal everyday use such as a boss sitting at his desk and a client sitting c Social Distance Ranges from 4 to 12 feet away i Used during business transactions and casual social exchanges ii Standing
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