Chapter 11 Getting to Know Your Audience 1 Public Communication Transaction between a speaker and an audience 2 Listenable Speech A speech that is formatted properly so audience can understand it a Fits intellectual level of audience structure follows clear usually chronological pattern transition words and statements that are backed up with facts examples b Encouragement of listener involvement confidence varying tones of voices nonverbal behaviors logical structure 3 Parameters participants setting and purpose a Participants Speaker members of the audience b Setting Where time limit when and attitude of audience c Purpose Expected outcomes of presentation 4 Ethics a Plagiarism Use of ideas and words of others as your own w o giving credit to the originator of the material b Fabrication Making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true 5 Speech Analysis a Demographics Listener s characteristics based on descriptions and backgrounds i Age gender religion ethnicity education occupation and race b Psychographics Listener s attitudes and beliefs i Predispositions brought to event captive vs voluntary audience opinions on the subject matter c Rhetorographics Place time limit time of day and emotional climate i Size of the room temperature lighting furniture arrangement comfort level ii Psychological sate of participants adapt your message to accommodate emotional levels 6 Speech Preparation a Statement of Central Idea Define the subject and develop the criteria as to how you are going to evaluate your topic i Goal Expected outcome to inform or persuade ii Topic Specific subject iii Method of Development How you approach the presentation 7 Modes of Presentation a Impromtu Speaking Ad Libbing Using information from experience speaking without preparation organizing ideas while you are communicating b Extemporaneous Developing a set of talking points in a note or outline to aid the presentation presenter knows in advance that they will be giving the presentation i Mind Mapping Arranging materials visually rather than in list form ii Talking Points bulleted points that will addressed in the speech c Manuscript Material is written out and delivered word for word d Memorized Speech is written out word for word and then commit it to memory Chapter 12 Developing the Message 1 Sources of Information or research a Primary Sources of Info Sources that represent the original reports of the observations b Secondary Source Source that report the research but did not originally generate it c Print Sources i Books magazines newspapers journals indexes publications d Non Print Sources i Tape records CD s DVD s videotapes charts models pictures interviews e For any sources that are used in a presentation make sure to orally footnote it or cite the source aloud 2 Supporting Material argument presented a Clarifies a point you are making in the speech or offers evidence of the validity of the i Should be simple unexpected concrete credible emotional story based b Stories Most interesting form of supporting material help audience and speaker connect with on another can be hypothetical or factual i Illustrations devices for explanation clarification and attracting attention not offered as proof c Specific Instances Condensed examples that are used to clarify a point not developed in d Exposition Gives necessary background information so that listeners can understand the i Defining terms giving historical information explaining relationships e Statistics A collection of numerical information arranged as representations trends or f Analogies Comparing an unfamiliar concept to a familiar one in order to clarify concepts g Testimony Direct quotation or paraphrase from an authority to reinforce concepts depth material presented theories 3 Presentation Techniques Supporting Material a Internal Summaries Short restatement of what has just been said in the section before moving on to the next section of presentation b Forecast A statement that alerts the audience that ideas are coming transition statements c Signposting Reviewing what was previously talked about informing listeners what was just presented about and letting listeners know what is about to be presented d Speech Aids Visual audio audiovisual and computerized graphics that facilitate listener understanding i Visual Aids Appeal to our sense of sight aids the presentation does not replace you and your message ii Audio Aids Appeal to our sense of hearing 1 Tape records iii Audiovisual Aids Combo of sight Sound 1 Movie clips youtube etc e Computerized Graphics Speakers can outline a speech import visuals etc Chapter 13 Structuring the Message 1 Elements of Speech a Introduction Gain the listener s attention and orient them to the material presented i Personal References Show reason for presenting the material ii Humorous Stories Loosens up the audience makes them feel comfortable sets tone Illustrations Ideas become more vivid iii iv Rhetorical Questions v Action Questions Involving audience having them think b Orienting Material Gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of the speech Ties material to central idea provides necessary information establishes personal credibility and makes the subject important to the listener i Historical background defining terms personal history using stats c Central Idea Keeps the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well organized speech Indicates the response that the speaker wants from the listeners should be provided as a statement d Body Develops through major points and sub points that develop central ideas i Arrangements of Body A Topic B Topic C 1 Spatial Arrangement Sets a point of reference and follows a pattern Topic 2 Time Arrangement Orders information in chronological order 3 Topical Arrangement Explaining an idea in terms of its component parts 4 Causal Arrangement Shows cause effect relationships 5 Comparison Explain how two things are alike 6 Contrast Method Tell the differences between subjects 7 Problem Solution Identifies a problem and then explains how to potentially correct it 8 Partitioning State your point develop with supporting details a Partitioning Step Divides the topics 9 Unfolding Lays out supporting evidence and then draws out a conclusion Inductive Reasoning Process Begins with specific instances then formulates a reasonable conclusion from them a 10 Case Speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into
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