Section 1 - Earth1. From what is seen, what can be said about the orbit of Earth around the Sun?a. As viewed from above the plane of its orbit, Earth revolves in a counterclockwise direction around the Sun.2. Observe this animation for a while. It shows the orbit that a planet (say Earth) has around the Sun. Based on this animation, which of the following statements is most accurate?a. The planet revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.3. The Sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit of the Earth around the Sun. What is at the other focus?a. Nothing.4. Observe this animation and pick from the choices the one that best describes what is shown.a. The planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun.5. What was Kepler's First Law?a. Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits with Sun at one focus of the ellipse.6. What best describes the orbit of the Earth around the Sun?a. An ellipse that is close to being circular.7. Which of the following does Kepler's Second Law support?a. When a planet is closer to the Sun, its speed is greater than when it is farther away.8. How did Kepler himself originally state this second law?a. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.9. What was Kepler's Third Law?a. The square of the time period for an orbit of a planet is proportional to cube of its average distance from Sun (in other words P2 is proportional to a3).10. Saturn is about 10 times as far from the Sun as Earth is (a9=9109AU, roughly). About how many times does Earth orbit theSun in the time it takes Saturn to orbit just once?a. About 30.11. From what was described, where are aurorae likely to be seen most frequently?a. At locations near the poles.12. The Sun formed...a. at the center of a spinning disk made of gas and dust.13. Why do the planets orbit the Sun in close to the same plane?a. Because they all formed in a disk around the early Sun andthere was little material outside of that disk.14. How long ago did the Sun and the Solar System form?a. 4500 million years = 4.5 billion years ago.15. How can the rock layers on the outside of the Earth move?a. They are made of less dense rock, effectively floating on top of a denser fluid beneath.16. Where do mountains like the Himalayas come from?a. In some locations, plates of rock on the planet's surface press together and the plates rise together.17. What is ozone?a. Three oxygen atoms bonded together into a single molecule (O3).18. What would happen if the ozone layer were completely destroyed?a. Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun would get through the atmosphere and cause damage to life.19. What factor is at least partly responsible for the creation of the Antarctic "ozone hole?"a. Human-generated gases that rise into the stratosphere andbreak ozone molecules apart.20. What kind of radiation does the Earth's surface re-radiate after it absorbs sunlight?a. Infrared.21. What type of radiation gets absorbed by greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide? a. Infrared but not optical.22. Without greenhouse gases, the Earth's surface temperature would be...a. 33°C cooler.Section 2 – The Moon1. In the image of the Moon shown, identify which of the labeled regions correspond to maria and which ones correspond to terra, consistent with early astronomers' nomenclature. (A, D, F = dark spots. B, C, E = light spots)a. C, B, E are terra and A, D and F are maria.2. From Armstrong's description, what do you think the lunar surface is physically like?a. The surface is covered with fine dust.3. With the help of this image, answer the following: Which type of lunar surface - the maria or the highlands - do you think is relatively young compared to the other? (darker spots are smoother)a. The dark lunar maria are younger than the bright highlands.4. Which of the following best describes what is commonly referred to as atmospheric pressure?a. It is the force that atmospheric gases exert on surfaces below them.5. Which of the following is/are caused by dense atmospheres?a. It absorbs and scatters light. Atmosphere makes planetary surfaces warmer than they would be otherwise. Atmosphere distributes heat around a planet.6. The panoramic image gives you a sense of how the Moon and the sky appear for someone standing on the surface of the Moon.Based on what you see, do you think the Moon has an atmosphere or not?a. No.7. Based on what we see in the panoramic image, why do you thinkMoon is likely NOT to have an atmosphere?a. If the Moon had an atmosphere, it would scatter sunlight inall directions and the lunar sky would look bright.8. Why do you think astronauts walk on the surface of Moon with slow hops?a. The gravity on the Moon is smaller than the gravity on Earth.Section 3 – Mars1. How would the inflated landing module bounce if it were droppedonto the surface of Earth from the same altitude as it was on Mars?a. It would bounce lower and fewer times than it did on the surface of Mars.2. Each chemical compound has a unique color. By looking at these samples of chemical compounds, identify the compound that permeates the surface of Mars that gives the Martian soil its distinctive color.a. Iron Oxide.3. The distribution of craters can be best described as:a. The Southern Hemisphere has numerous craters and the Northern Hemisphere has few.4. The color-coding on this image is indicative of the elevation of the terrain around different parts of the planet. From the information presented in the image, it can be concluded that:a. The northern hemisphere of Mars tends to lie lower than the average surface level. The southern plains are at a higher-than-average elevation.5. What general conclusion can we draw about the history of Martian geology?a. The southern hemisphere with its highlands and craters aremuch older surfaces than the crater-deficient northern hemisphere with its lowlands.6. Which of the features labeled (using arrows) are likely to be volcanic mountains? Use the altitude scale on the bottom left of the image to translate the color-coded information given in the map.a. The ones pointed by the white arrows.7. What is known about the formation of Valles Marineris?a. Different parts of Valles Marineris were shaped by differentkinds of geological processes and NOT a single process.8. Several of the tributary canyons of the Valles Marineris are thought to be formed:a. when ground water, escaping from opening cracks flowed cutting a channel