Unit 2What was kepler’s first law?Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus of the ellipseWhat best describes the orbit of the Earth around the Sun?An ellipse that is close to being circularWhich of the following does Kepler’s second law support?When a planet is closer to the Sun, its speed is greater than when it is farther awayfarthest point is called aphelion and the closest is called perihelionWhat was Kepler’s Third Law?The square of the time period for an orbit of a planet is proportional to cube of its average distance from the Sun ( P2 = a3 )Saturn is about 10 times as far from the Sun as Earth(a = 10 AU), About how many times does Earth orbit the Sun in the time it takes Saturn to orbit just once?About 30.Besides, the discovery that moons orbit Jupiter, what other discovery made by Galileo, with an early telescope, proved that the Earth is not at the center of the Universe?The phases of VenusWhat does P represent in Kepler’s third Law?Orbital period, how long it takes for a satellite to orbit JupiterOf the four Galilean moons which is closest to Jupiter?LoWhich moon of Jupiter is believed to have a liquid ocean beneath a layer of ice?EuropaWhich moon of Jupiter is the largest?GanymedeWhat can be said about Venus?Venus has a very slow speed of rotationA day-night cycle is longer than a yearVenus is closer to the Sun than the Earth is.What can be said about watching the sky from Venus Surface?The sun rises in the west and sets in the east.Craters on Venusare about the same in size and structure to those on Earth, moon and Mars.Volcanos on Venusproduce very large lava flows that cover at least 85% of the planets surfaceWhere do mountains come from on Earth?In some locations, plates of rock one the planets surface press together and the plates rise together.Where are aurorae likely to be seen most freuquently on earth?Locations near the polesWhat is ozone?Three oxygen atoms bonded together into a single molecule (O3)What would happen if the ozone layer were completely destroyed?Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun would get through the atmosphere and cause damage to life.Why is Venus’s day so long?Venus rotation time is very long compared to the time it takes to go once around the sun.The greenhouse effect:Is larger on Venus than it is on Earth.What two planets have the least amount of atmosphere?Mercury and MarsThe densities of the four terrestrial planets are similar to each other, this means that:They are made of similar substances.A meteor shower can occur when Earths orbit interesects the path of the tail of a cometMost meteors:Are very small pieces of rock burning in the Earth’s atmosphereA comets nucleus is composed of:Dust, dry ice, and water iceThe material in a meteoriteis roughly as old as the solar systemWhich of the following is not a characteristic of jovian planets?They have a higher density than terrestial planetsWhich planet has many moons with sulfur volcanoes?JupiterWhich planets have a rocky relatively dense composition?Mercury Venus Earth MarsWhat properties characterize all the Jovian planets?Many moons large size and low densitiesUNIT 3What is the general result of the p-p chain?4 H He + energy + other products⇒The corona region of the sun:Is visible during a solar eclipseIn the convection zone:Columns of hot gas rise cool and descendIn nuclear fusion, energy is produced because:The mass of the reacting chemicals is larger than that of the productsWhen using different points in the Earths orbit as a baseline for a parallax experiment it is best to do the observations6 months apartOne star is four times farther away than another. The parallax angle of the more distant star is:four times smaller than the nearer starStar A is 4 times as luminous as star B. Star A is 2 times as far away as Star B. Which star appears brighter and by how much?The appear the same brightnessThe onion skin shell burning structure, with elements up to iron being produced, develops in:A star much more massive than the sunWhat is at the center of a planetary nebula?The core of a dying star that will eventually become a white dwarfHow do solar-sized stars and smaller die?They become white dwarfs about the size of the earthHow can we measure the mass of a black hole?Measure the speed of orbit of a star in a binary system with the black holeWhat is the main requirement for a habitable zone?Liquid waterA star with twice as much mass of our own would have a habitable zone that:Mars but not EarthUnit 4What are the differences between open star clusters and globular star clusters?Open clusters are less concentrated, younger and have fewer starsWhat kind of gas cloud can collapse and form stars?A gas cloud with a mass larger than the Jeans mass, so that gravity overcomes the internal pressure in the cloud.What is the mass of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way?4 Million solar masses.How do you measure the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way?Look at the orbits of nearby stars and apply Kepler’s third lawHow long does it take light to cross the Milky Way Galaxy?About 100,000 yearsWhat does the Milky Way Galaxy look like?It has a large disk with spiral arms, and is relatively flat and thinIt has clouds of gas and dust in the spiral armsOlder yellow stars are found mostly in the central buldgeOld stars and globular clusters are located in a spherical halo above and below the diskWhy do stars in the halo of the galaxy have almost no heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen?Halo stars formed before those elements were madeWhere do stars form in the galaxy today?Stars form in the diskWhere are open clusters found?Open clusters are found in the diskWhat happens to the planets in a galaxy when that galaxy collides with another galaxy?Nothing, because the spaces between stellar systems in a galaxy is much larger than their size.Which properties of spiral galaxies allow us to sub classify them as Sa, Sb, Sc?Size of the buldge and extent of the spiral armsCompared to spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies have:Less gas, redder colors and less new star formationWhat is the difference between an E0 and an E7 galaxy?The E7 has an oval shape and the E0 is circular.The Universe is almost 14 billion years old. That means that we see the most distant galaxies as they were when the universe was:1-2 Billion years oldAccording to models of galaxy formation, which population of stars formed first?The