COMM EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 THE HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS Definition Human communication is a conscious or unconscious intentional or unintentional o process in which feelings and ideas are expressed in verbal and or nonverbal messages that are sent received and comprehended o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o sends feedback Types Accidental having no intent Expressive resulting from emotions Rhetorical resulting from specific goals of communicate Levels Intrapersonal thought processing personal decision making listening Interpersonal 2 or more people face to face interviews group discussions Public speaker to an audience radio television Characteristics Dynamic Continuous Irreversible Interactive Contextual Process Perceptual filter Encoding Channel Decoding Feedback Types of Noise Environmental Physiological Impairment i e deaf or blind Semantic Syntactical Organizational Cultural Psychological Models of Communication Linear one directional i e nightly news written instructions etc Interactional two directional source encodes message sends it receiver decodes o Transactional simultaneous both parties are sources receivers conversation Definition of Language Chapter 2 Verbal Language o A system of arbitrary signals such as sounds gestures or symbols which is used by a nation people or distinct community to communicate thoughts and feelings Origins Symbols Meanings o Mutations in muscles sounds language o Gestures speech evolved from gestures o Selecting select symbols based on experience o Processing the cortex stores computes and processes Theories of Language Acquisition o Language Explosion theory build communication skills from early life o Significant Other theory select group whose language we follow o Denotative direct explicit dictionary definition o Connotative different meanings that we attach to words Functions of Language o Emotive expresses emotion o Phatic greetings conversational o Cognitive conveys info o Rhetorical used to reinforce convince persuade o Identifying used to id things or people Language Distortion o Ambiguity more than one interpretation o Vagueness lacks clarity o Inferences The majority of a communication message is typically carried NONVERBALLY Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication Definition o Nonverbal communication is composed of all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves Nonverbal messages do not work independently but in clusters o Gestures posture eye contact clothing styles and movement Congruency Sources o The relationship between current and past patterns of behavior as well as the harmony between verbal and nonverbal communication o Innate Neurological Programs automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli with which we are born i e blinking blushing moving hands etc o Cultural and Social Influences nonverbal behaviors are reflective of culture from which they were learned i e space apart when talking etc Relationships between verbal and nonverbal o Substituting relationship Nonverbal message replaces the verbal message Nod head to indicate yes o Complementing relationship Nonverbal message accompanies the verbal message Say the word yes while nodding your head o Accenting relationship Nonverbal message stresses the verbal message Say the word yes while overall body language indicates yes o Conflicting relationship Verbal and nonverbal message are in contrast to one another Say the word yes while body language indicates no Categories of Nonverbal Communication how the face communicates how the eyes communicate movements of the body touch as communication o Kinesics the study of communication through the body and its body movements Facsics Ocalics Gestics Haptics Body Synchrony Artifactics Proxemics Spatial Communication Paravocalics Vocal communication Olfactics Smell as communication Aesthetics Mood beauty as communication things that adorn the body posture walk and stance Gustorics Taste as communication Chapter 4 Listening Hearing Biological activity involving reception of a message through sensory channels Listening all of the above plus reception perception attention assignment of meaning listener s response o Reception initial step in the listening process receive a message recall o Attention focus on a specific stimulus selected from other stimuli Assignment of Meaning o Assigning Meaning The process of putting the stimulus into some predetermined category develops as we acquire our language system o Brain Dominance Global Linear Thinking Learning o Culture low high context cultures o Evaluation the tendency to evaluate the stimuli we receive the most persistent barrier to communication Listening Influencers o Speaker o Message o Channel o External Internal variables o Memory Time Purposes of Listening o Discriminative Listening o Comprehension Listening o Therapeutic Listening o Critical Listening o Appreciative Listening Tips for Improved Listening o Recognize that both the sender and the receiver share responsibility for effective communication o Suspend judgment o Be a patient listener o Avoid egospeak o Be careful with emotional responses to words o Be aware that your posture affects your listening o Control distractions o Tune into the speaker s cues o Paraphrase o Visualize Chapter 5 Intrapersonal Communication o Internally communicating with yourself o Mumble daydream dream fantasize think feel tension o THE BASIS OF COMMUNICATION WITH OTHERS Definition Forms IMPORTANCE Self talk Learning Sequence o A nearly constant subconscious monologue or inner speech with ourselves o Self talk inner attitudes behavior results o Birth 6th month crying not selecting sounds has no inner speech o 6 9th month making sounds beyond crying o 9 12th month making echoing of the words that surround the infant o Sometimes 12 15th month the child starts to select words to represent ideas i e milk represents I want milk o Four years old a child may have learned the grammar of her language but he she does not have internal speech Their external speech parallels an adult s self talk o Nine years old develop internalized speech they can conceptualize think in abstraction o 12 or 13 years old has fully functioning inner speech The Self o Real self what you think of yourself when you are being most honest about your interests thoughts emotions and needs o Ideal self who you would like to be or think you should be o Public self the one you let others know Johari Window o Known to self know to others Free Area o
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