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1 CONTENTS Contents 2 Preface 12 Chapter 1 Introduction The Nature of Science and Physics 13 1 2 Physical Quantities and Units 13 1 3 Accuracy Precision and Significant Figures 14 Chapter 2 Kinematics 16 2 1 Displacement 16 2 3 Time Velocity and Speed 16 2 5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension 18 2 7 Falling Objects 21 2 8 Graphical Analysis of One Dimensional Motion 23 Chapter 3 Two Dimensional Kinematics 25 3 2 Vector Addition and Subtraction Graphical Methods 25 3 3 Vector Addition and Subtraction Analytical Methods 27 3 4 Projectile Motion 29 3 5 Addition of Velocities 32 Chapter 4 Dynamics Force and Newton s Laws of Motion 36 4 3 Newton s Second Law of Motion Concept of a System 36 4 6 Problem Solving Strategies 37 4 7 Further Applications of Newton s Laws of Motion 41 Chapter 5 Further Application of Newton s Laws Friction Drag and Elasticity 45 2 5 1 Friction 45 5 3 Elasticity Stress and Strain 46 Chapter 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation 49 6 1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity 49 6 2 Centripetal Acceleration 50 6 3 Centripetal Force 50 6 5 Newton s Universal Law of Gravitation 51 6 6 Satellites and Kepler s Laws An Argument for Simplicity 52 Chapter 7 Work Energy and Energy Resources 54 7 1 Work The Scientific Definition 54 7 2 Kinetic Energy and the Work Energy Theorem 55 7 3 Gravitational Potential Energy 55 7 7 Power 56 7 8 Work Energy and Power in Humans 57 Chapter 8 Linear Momentum and Collisions 61 8 1 Linear Momentum and Force 61 8 2 Impulse 61 8 3 Conservation of Momentum 62 8 5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 63 8 6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions 65 8 7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion 67 Chapter 9 Statics and Torque 69 9 2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium 69 9 3 Stability 69 3 9 6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints 72 Chapter 10 Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 73 10 1 Angular Acceleration 73 10 3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion Rotational Inertia 74 10 4 Rotational Kinetic Energy Work and Energy Revisited 76 10 5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 78 10 6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions 78 Chapter 11 Fluid Statics 80 11 2 Density 80 11 3 Pressure 80 11 4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid 81 11 5 Pascal s Principle 82 11 7 Archimedes Principle 84 11 8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids Surface Tension and Capillary Action 86 11 9 Pressures in the Body 87 Chapter 12 Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications 90 12 1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity 90 12 2 Bernoulli s Equation 91 12 3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli s Equation 92 12 4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow Poiseuille s Law 92 12 5 The Onset of Turbulence 94 12 7 Molecular Transport Phenomena Diffusion Osmosis and Related Processes 95 Chapter 13 Temperature Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws 97 13 1 Temperature 97 4 13 2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 98 13 3 The Ideal Gas Law 98 13 4 Kinetic Theory Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature 101 13 6 Humidity Evaporation and Boiling 101 Chapter 14 Heat and Heat Transfer Methods 104 14 2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity 104 14 3 Phase Change and Latent Heat 105 14 5 Conduction 107 14 6 Convection 108 14 7 Radiation 109 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics 112 15 1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 112 15 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes 113 15 3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines and Their Efficiency 114 15 5 Applications of Thermodynamics Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 114 15 6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy 115 15 7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics The Underlying Explanation 116 Chapter 16 Oscillatory Motion and Waves 118 16 1 Hooke s Law Stress and Strain Revisited 118 16 2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations 119 16 3 Simple Harmonic Motion A Special Periodic Motion 119 16 4 The Simple Pendulum 119 5 16 5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 120 16 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion 121 16 8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 122 16 9 Waves 122 16 10 Superposition and Interference 123 16 11 Energy in Waves Intensity 124 Chapter 17 Physics of Hearing 125 17 2 Speed of Sound Frequency and Wavelength 125 17 3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level 125 17 4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms 127 17 5 Sound Interference and Resonance Standing Waves in Air Columns 127 17 6 Hearing 129 17 7 Ultrasound 130 Chapter 18 Electric Charge and Electric Field 133 18 1 Static Electricity and Charge Conservation of Charge 133 18 2 Conductors and Insulators 133 18 3 Coulomb s Law 134 18 4 Electric Field COncept of a Field Revisited 136 18 5 Electric Field Lines Multiple Charges 137 18 7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium 138 18 8 Applications of Electrostatics 141 Chapter 19 Electric Potential and Electric Field 143 19 1 Electric Potential Energy Potential Difference 143 19 2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field 143 6 19 3 Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge 145 19 4 Equipotential Lines 145 19 5 Capacitors and Dieletrics 146 19 6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 146 19 7 Energy Stored in Capacitors 147 Chapter 20 Electric Current Resistance and Ohm s Law 149 20 1 Current 149 20 2 Ohm s Law Resistance and Simple Circuits 150 20 3 Resistance and Resistivity 151 20 4 Electric Power and Energy 153 20 5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current 156 20 6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body 157 Chapter 21 Circuits Bioelectricity and DC Instruments 158 21 1 Resistors in Series and Parallel 158 21 2 Electromotive Force Terminal Voltage 159 21 3 Kirchhoff s Rules 160 21 4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters 160 21 5 Null Measurements 162 21 6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors 162 Chapter 22 Magnetism 164 22 4 Magnetic Field Strength Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field 164 22 5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field Examples and Applications 165 22 6 The Hall Effect 166 22 7 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Conductor 167 7 22 8 Torque on a Current Loop Motors and Meters 167 22 10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors 168 22 11 More Applications of Magnetism 171 Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Induction AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies 174 23 1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux 174 23 2 Faraday s Law of Induction Lenz s Law 174 23 3 Motional Emf 175 23 4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping 176 23 5 Electric Generators 176
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