haChildhood Disorders:(*Know characteristics, treatments, prevalence, causes, and onset if applicable for the following disorders)Disorders with adult counterparts:Anxiety Disorders- Children of all cultures typically experience some emotional & behavioral problems as they encounter new situationso Bedwetting, nightmares, temper tantrums, restlessness Worry is a common experience- Children tend to worry more than parents think they doo General worries, school performance, getting into college, etc.DepressionDisorders that usually change or disappear after childhood:Elimination disorders- Can be caused by traumatic experiences, bad parenting- Enuresiso Childhood disorder marked by repeated bedwetting or wetting of one’s clotheso Daytime and nighttimeo After successful potty-training- Encopresiso A childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one’s clothingDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)- New disorder- A mood disorder relative of depression- Chronic irritability, severe outbursts, but NOT behavioral disordero Mood disorder b/c cry after outbursts, feel bad – even suicidal sometimes- A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper tantrums along with a persistent irritable or angry moodSeparation Anxiety Disorder- A disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figureOppositional Defiant Disorder- Repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, in some cases vindictive- Different from mood disorder b/c no depression linked- Can become conduct disorder (very small percentage though)- A childhood disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases vindictiveConduct Disorder- Repeatedly violate the basic rights of otherso Often aggressive, physically cruel to people or animalso Begins between 7 – 15 years of age Ex) girl locked up for armed robbery, bothered that she got caught NOT that anyone could’ve been hurt, herbaby was taken away DID NOT bother her- A childhood disorder in which the child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others and displays aggression, characterized by symptoms such as physical cruelty to animals or people, the deliberate destruction or other people’s property, and the commission of various crimes- Can carry into adulthoodAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder- A childhood disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both- Methylphenidate (aka Ritalin) is a stimulant drug commonly used to treat ADHDo Causes more dopamine in the braino Lack of dopamine means they are always searching for enjoyable things- Great difficulty attending to tasks, behave over actively or impulsively (or both)- Frontal lobe (left) (impulse control) less active than normal – not developing as quickly or as far- Hyperactive & impulsive – no impulse control, do things without thinking- Evidence of symptoms in toddlerhood- About ½ of kids with ADHD also have: learning/communication disorders, poor school performance, misbehavior, mood or anxiety problems, difficulty interacting with other kidso Most commonly paired with ADHD are learning disabilities & behavioral problems- Can be diagnosed at age 12 (need symptoms by then)o Make sure not misdiagnosing the disorder- Seems to come from biological causes (abnormal dopamine activity or abnormalities in frontal-striatal regions of braino Not enough dopamine in the brain- If main parent depressed (for example), child could develop ADHD to get a reaction from parent who usually pays no attentiono Negative behavior gets attention, negative reinforcement Throwing stuff gets attention, keep throwing and get louder- 80% of kids with ADHD receive treatmento Most common treatments are drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination- African American & Hispanic American children are less likely than white Americans to get an ADHD diagnosis or undergo treatment for ADHDDisorders that begin in childhood and persist throughout life:Autism Spectrum Disorder- Must be observed in childhood to ever be diagnosed (before 18); must be documented history of symptoms; symptoms usually appear early in life, before age 3- A developmental disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities- No cures, but ways to help symptoms- Adults with autism – mellowed out symptoms, no tantrums or screaming like kids, able to make eye contact more than kids (conditioned better?)- 1/68 kids born with autism- Autism spectrum disorders are a group of disorders marked by impaired social interactions, etc.- Autism first identified in 1943- Unresponsive to others, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid- Around 80% of all cases appear in boys- Asperger’s, high-functioning autism, etc. all different levels of severity on autism spectrum- “Something has gone awry in the brain development”- Doing a better job of identifying mild cases of autism- As many as 90% of children with the disorder remain significantly disabled into adulthoodo Even the highest-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder typically have problems with social interactions and communications, and have restricted interests and activities- Lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity- Language and communication problems take various formso Echolalia – the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others- DSM-5 determined that Asperger’s disorder is not a disorder in itself – a form of autism spectrum disorder- “triad of impairment”o Problem with language, lack of imagination, doesn’t care about social relationships- Lifelong condition with no cure- Stereotypies – repetitive behavior by people with autismo “Stimming”o Way to manage when things are too stimulating; self-soothing Thought to be trying to control sensory input and ignore the other sensory input that is too much for themo Hand flapping, clapping, rocking, shaking of the head, covering ears- Early intervention – diagnose kids early (18 months), get them into (behavioral) therapy for 5-6 days 8-12 hours a dayo Need to have a variety of reinforcers for children when in therapy – can’t use only oneo Ex) spontaneous, natural eye contact – when observed, immediately reinforce it so they child continues to do itIntellectual Developmental
View Full Document