Anorexia Nervosa:- Restricting food intake (calories) fallen below minimum threshold for weight (85% of normal body weight), distorted view of self, intense fear of becoming overweight, period stops- Rigid thinking about food (good food vs. bad food)- See themselves as 20-30 lbs heavier – literal distortion- Goal of becoming thing; preoccupation with food; distorted thinking; psychological and medical problems associated with disorder- Restricting type –o Lose weight by cutting out “bad foods”, work out more than they eat- Binge-eating/purging type – o Binge eat lots of calories, then “make up for it” by puking, excessively working out, or using laxatives (to lose weight)- Treatments –o 1) restore person to normal body weight; 2) use therapy after addressing eating habits, need to overcome underlying psychological problems to achieve lasting improvemento Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Broad cognitive distortion lies at the center of disordered eating (negative self-judgement based on body shape & weight)o Family therapy: Family may play an important role in eating disorders- A – rigid families, place importance on looks- B – chaotic familiesBulimia Nervosa:- Both episodes of eating lots of calories (1,000s) (binge) in one sitting AND purging- Patients generally normal weight; partake in 1 – 30 binges per week (often in secret); feelings associated with a binge; engage in compensatory behavior after binge- Different than anorexia nervosa because anorexia needs to be below body weighto Bulimia nervosa has no body weight limit- Purging type – o Characterized by purgingo Binging (once a week for 3+ months)o Diet, exercise, binge, purge, repeat Slows metabolism & often gain weighto Restricting pattern then binge & purge- Non-purging type –o Binge-eating disordero Has binging (once a week for 3+ months) but NO purging (compensatory behaviors)- Treatment –o 1) restore person to normal body weight; 2) use therapy After addressing eating habits, need to overcome underlying psychological problems to achieve lasting improvemento Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Broad cognitive distortion lies at the center of disordered eating (negative self-judgement based on body shape & weight)o Family therapy: Family may play an important role in eating disorders- A – rigid families, place importance on looks- B – chaotic familieso Emphasis on education and therapyo Interpersonal therapyo Group therapyo Antidepressant medicationsBinge Eating Disorder:- Engage in recurrent binges, but do not engage in compensatory behavior (purging) after binge- 2/3 of people with this disorder are overweight or obese- Treatment is similar to bulimia nervosaCauses of Eating Disorders:- Most theorists use a multidimensional risk perspective to explaino Psychological factorso Biological factorso Sociocultural conditions Societal pressures Racial and ethnic differencesSubstance Use Disorder (“Addiction”):- Tolerance: the brain and body’s need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects- Withdrawal: unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug- 4 major categories of substances –o 1) depressants: decrease functioning system-wide; slow down nerve-firing; organs, breathing rates; depress emotionso 2) stimulants: rev up system; cause person to feel happier, more energized; increase heart rate and breathingo 3) hallucinogens: altered-state experienceso 4) cannabis: THC in lower doses can mimic a depressant, in high doses mimics a hallucinogen- Depressants –o Alcohol All alcohol contains ethyl alcoholo Sedative-hypnotic drugs Barbituates – addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep Benzodiazepines – the most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanaxo Opioids Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine “Narcotics” Helps body lessen pain response using body’s natural pain response Each drug has a different speed of action, strength, and tolerance level Depress the CNS- Stimulants –o Cocaine Most powerful stimulant known Produces a rush of euphoric well-being by increasing supplies of dopamine at key neurons in the brain High doses can produce cocaine intoxication- Symptoms are mania, paranoia, impaired judgement (schizophrenia-like symptoms)- can also experience hallucinations and/or delusionso Cocaine-induced psychotic disordero Amphetamines A stimulant drug that is manufactured in the labo Caffeineo Nicotine- Hallucinogens –o A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengtheningperceptions, and producing illusions and hallucinations; aka psychedelic drugso LSD: (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) a hallucinogenic drug derived from ergot alkaloidso MDMA (ecstasy)- Cannabis –o THC: (Tetrahydrocannabinol) the main active ingredient of cannabis substancesCauses of Substance Use Disorder:- Behavioral view –o Role of classical and operant conditioningo Genetic predispositiono Reward-deficiency syndrome theoryTreatment:- Psychotherapy – combination of outpatient and inpatient- Detoxification- Antagonist drugs- Drug maintenance therapyo Methadone maintenance programs A treatment approach in clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone – a heroin substitute – to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder- Self-help groupso Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) A self-help organization that provides support and guidance for people with alcohol use disorder- Community prevention programsDisorders of Sex & Gender:- Sexual dysfunctions, paraphilic disorders, and gender dysphoria- 4 phases of human sexual response:o 1) desireo 2) excitemento 3) orgasmo 4) resolution- Disorders of Desire –o Consists of urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction to others (NOT asexuality)o 2 dysfunctions affect this disorder: Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder: Female sexual interest/arousal disordero Has to be consistent & prolonged (usually years)o Most cases caused primarily by sociocultural & psychological factors, and biological factors- Disorders of Excitement –o Marked by changes in pelvic regiono Male erectile disorder Known as erectile dysfunction (ED) 10% of all meno Biological factors can be hormonal changes (primary), alcohol