To Scale Model of the James Webb Space Telescope JWST Courtesy of Northrop Grumman JWST 6 5 m vs HST 2 4 m JWST will operate from long wavelength visible orange red through the near infrared to the far infrared 0 6 27 m Credit NASA Course Announcements Exam 1 grading underway Expected return date Wednesday 5 Oct Current scores will go on Blackboard as I finish grading the exams Four EC Observing Opportunities this week No Class Friday Fall Break Assignments Reading Assignments Chapter 16 Sections 16 1 16 3 Read by Wednesday 5 Oct Parallel Lectures CC Astronomy Episode 10 The Sun Watch by Monday 10 Oct Mastering Astronomy Chapter 5 Homework Due Tuesday 4 Oct at 11 59 PM EDT Space Based Astronomy Most wavelengths require being outside of Earth s obscuring atmosphere Atmospheric Opacity How much is the atmosphere like a window or like a wall 100 Opacity Wall Space required 0 Opacity Window Ground okay Gamma Ray X ray UV Microwave Radio Visible Near IR Mid far IR Long Radio Space Based Astronomy IR Short wavelength Infrared radiation can penetrate dusty regions Can use the same telescope design as optical telescopes Requires specialized detectors Not CCD based Allows us to peer through the dust which blocks visible wavelengths short IR wavelengths Allows us to study the dust directly at longer IR wavelengths Space Based Astronomy IR Longer wavelength Infrared radiation 8 100s m allows us to see the structure of dusty regions Space Based Astronomy IR Longer wavelength Infrared radiation 8 100s m allows us to see the structure of dusty regions Can see star regions and higher density regions of dust Space Based Astronomy Microwaves The Planck Spacecraft measured the entire sky in microwaves to investigate the oldest light in the Universe Space Based Astronomy Microwaves Shorter wavelength microwaves millimeter allows us another view of the cold dust that pervades interstellar space Credit ESO APEX A Hasar et al The Microwave Galaxy APEX Telescope has recently provided our first view of what the Milky Way Galaxy looks like at submillimeter wavelengths Ultraviolet Astronomy Few nm to 400 nm Basic design of UV telescopes similar to Visible and Infrared Telescopes Useful for studying the gas between the stars The Interstellar Medium or ISM Useful for studying very hot young stars and identifying Star Formation Regions SFRs Ultraviolet Astronomy Ultraviolet Astronomy The Earth in Ultraviolet Light Credit NASA Apollo Missions Ultraviolet Astronomy Credit NASA SDO AIA High Energy Astronomy X ray and Gamma Ray Observatories High energy shortwave lengths makes it so traditional telescope designs and detectors fail X ray telescopes use nested cylindrical mirrors to focus X rays via grazing angle reflections Grazing Incidence Mirror Telescopes Directly counts photons instead of using CCD devices Useful for studying extremely hot gas millions of Kelvin Heated by exotic sources Black Hole Accretion disks supernovae active galactic nuclei etc Relative to other wavelengths there are very few High Energy photons in the Universe X ray Telescope Design Uses nested cylindrical mirrors to focus X rays via grazing reflections Chandra X ray Observatory Launched in 1999 Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A Gas is 50 million K and different colors indicate different energies and different heavy elements Gamma Ray Astronomy No current way to focus Gamma Rays Detectors simply count photons hitting them Poor angular resolution at 1 degree Supernova Remnant Gamma Ray Astronomy The complete list of sources for Gamma Ray Bursts GRBs is still unknown but have been linked to events such as the birth of black holes and merging events between supermassive black holes The energy of a GRB is enormous In about 10s a typical Gamma Ray Burst can release as more energy than our Sun will over it s entire 10 billion year lifetime Supernova Remnant Multi wavelength Milky Way Full Spectrum Coverage The full spectrum coverage of the Milky Way Astronomers aim toward having a full spectrum coverage available for simultaneous observations A goal that has yet to be realized The Solar System Comparative Planetology and Formation Models CHAPTER 6 Views of Our Solar System Planetary Realm 0 4 AU 30 AU 30 1 AU Asteroid Belt Sun Planets to Scale sizes Be able to list all eight planets in order Solar System Distances to Scale Back to the football field analogy of day 1 lecture 1 Sun 0 Mercury Earth Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Venus Mars 17 3 31 7 64 0 100 00 1 3 2 3 3 3 5 0 Great scale model solar system links To Scale The Solar System a video by Wylie Overstreet and Alex Gorosh Sun to Neptune scale model in the Nevada desert If the Moon were 1 pixel a webpage by Josh Worth Our Solar System Outer Reaches Outer Oort Cloud 1 500 50 000 AU Kuiper Belt 30 55 AU Scattered Disk 30 100 AU Inner Oort Cloud 100s 1 500 AU Planetary Realm 0 30 AU Our Solar System Outer Reaches Whoever made this graphic must hate Mercury and Venus Credit NASA JPL Note the logarithmic scale Solar System Inventory Planets dwarf planets moons small bodies interplanetary dust solar wind Stars 1 The Sun 99 8 of the Solar System s mass Planets 8 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf Planets 5 Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Moons 181 Asteroids Estimated Millions More than 200 over 100km in diameter Over 600 000 discovered Comets Estimated Billions About 4 000 discovered Solar System Inventory Planets dwarf planets moons small bodies interplanetary dust solar wind Kuiper Belt Objects More than 100 larger than 300km in diameter Countless meteoroids any object less than about 100 m in Diameter Lots of Dust Interplanetary Dust Particles source of meteor showers Pervasive solar wind charged particles from the Sun However overall the Solar system is vastly empty ExtraSolar System Inventory It s weird wild whacky planetary world out there Current count is 1955 3 394 extrasolar planets sometimes exoplanet planets outside of our Solar System confirmed NASA Exoplanet Archive Currently an additional 4 696 Kepler Candidate exoplanets Most are larger than Jupiter and orbit their host stars closer than Mercury orbits the Sun Habitable Zone Earth like Exoplanets Kepler 186f 1 17 Earth radii and in habitable zone Kepler 62f 1 4 Earth Radii and in habitable zone Proxima Centauri b 1 1 1 4 Earth Radii and in habitable zone Credit NASA Exoplanet Archive ExtraSolar System Inventory Pepe et al 2014 Nature 153 Planetary Terminology And how we typically determine it Units in
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