Exam 2 Must knowsExam 2 ContentExam 2 ContentExam 1 Must KnowsExam 1 Must KnowsExam 1 Must KnowsExam 1 Must KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsMust KnowsEXAM 2 MUST KNOWSA Guide to what you need to knowExam 2 Content•Exam 2 will cover Chapter 6: The Solar SystemChapter SL: General Planets [Custom material]Chapter 7: The EarthPart of Chapter 8: The Moon Part (most of it)•Exam 2 structure will have:105 Points on Exam: Top score: 105% –Multiple-choice–Fill-in-the-Blank–Short-answer•There will be bonus questions (worth 5 pts total)=> Max score possible: 105+5 = 110%What and how much of whatExam 2 Content•Hmm… We haven’t covered any new equations, so this exam will be equation free.•Expect many questions that will test if you have learned the vocabulary related to these three chapters.•There will be a word bank for the fill-in-the-blankEquations to KnowExam 1 Must Knows•What are the two main types of telescopes and how do they gather and focus light?Reflectors (using mirrors) ; Refractors (using lenses)•What is refraction?•Why are almost all professional telescopes reflectors?–I gave you FOUR reasons. Be familiar with those.•Why is telescope size important? –Telescope area, or collecting area, determines how bright an object is. Hence how bright something appears scales with the SQUARE of the telescope diameter–Telescope diameter determines the angular resolution limit of a telescope•Know what angular resolution is and that a smaller number (smaller angular distance) is better angular resolutionChapter 5Exam 1 Must Knows•How does telescope size relate to light gathering capacity? Answer: The light gathering capacity increases with the square of the telescope diameter.•How does telescope size relate to angular resolution?•What is a CCD and why is digital information a benefit to modern astronomy?–CCD is roughly 30x more efficient at counting the number of photons that hit it compared to photographic film–Allows for digital processing and data analysis on the images/data collectedChapter 5“proportional to”Exam 1 Must Knows•Know what atmospheric blurring (i.e., seeing) is. What astronomers do to mitigate this problem?–High altitude observatories; space-based observatories; technology to correct the blurring (active and adaptive optics)•What are the two spectral windows of our atmosphere?•What is the basic design and advantages of radio telescopes?–Know that a major disadvantage of radio astronomy is its inherent angular resolution challenges due to radio waves having long wavelengths•What is an interferometer how does it increase angular resolution? What determines the effective diameter?Chapter 5Exam 1 Must Knows•What wavelength regions are required for space-based astronomy and what new information do the various wavelength regions provide?–Can see through dust in parts of IR–Can see dust in IR, microwave and radio–Can study molecules in space with radio–UV is good for looking at star formation regions of galaxies–X-ray and Gamma ray (high energy wavelengths) are good at looking at extremely hot objects, such as active galactic nuclei, supernovae, black hole accretion disks, etc.Chapter 5Must Knows•Be able to list all 8 planets in orderMercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus Neptune•Main contents of solar system (SS) [more interested in knowing what is there rather than the specific numbers–1 Sun; 8 planets (four terrestrial planets, four gas giant planets, millions of asteroids in asteroid belt and Jupiter Trojan areas; Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud –The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter;The Kuiper belt lies beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) and extends to about 50 AUThe Oort cloud is very far away with most objects being near 50,000 AUChapter 6: The Solar SystemMust Knows•Know that our discovery of extrasolar planetary systems has demanded a reworking of our thoughts about how planetary systems form.–Supermassive Jupiters orbiting closer to their host stars than our Mercury… this flies in the face of a simple Nebular Hypothesis + Condensation Theory, and demands that planetary migration must be common and important in SS formation–Planetary migration also explains the evidence of a spike in the amount of impacts on the early planets; an event called The Late Heavy Bombardment.Chapter 6Must Knows•Know the primary differences between terrestrial and gas giant planets.–Location, composition, size, frequency and strength of magnetic fields, etc.•All Jovian systems have ring systems; no terrestrials do•Difference between comets and asteroids? How big are they compared to planets?–Density, location, and composition (Asteroids: Dense and rocky and mainly in Asteroid Belt) (Comets: Low density, rocky icy bodies that originate in Kuiper Belt or Oort Cloud)•Know what planet is the largest and smallest (Jupiter and Mercury, respectively)•Definition of Average Density (= Mass/Volume) for planet and what that tells us when compared to the surface densityChapter 6Must Knows•Know the NINE general characteristics of the Solar System that our formation theory has to account for.–I won’t ask you to recite them, but there will almost certainly be 1 or 2 question with respect to what these are and how our formation theory.Nebular Theory: Properties 1-4 - Relates to structure of SSCondensation theory: Properties 5 – 8 – Mostly relates to chemical and density properties of the planets–Know what Nebular Theory and Condensation Theory are, how they operate, what they explain, and what they predict–Exam will go into more depth than Quiz 3 did•Know what is meant by Solar NebulaChapter 6Must Knows•Know that the basis for condensation theory is that a temperature gradient exists in the disk, such that the inner regions (near the protosun) are hot and the outer regions are cold–Know what the ice-line is… the distance away form the protosun in the Solar Nebula at which water ice can condense out–Know how the temperature gradient translates into the chemical and density gradient observed in the solar system•What kinds of grains can you form at what distance?[interior to ice-line? Exterior to ice-line?•How does this
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