Astr 151 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 21 - 331. Chapter 11 Jupiter a. Orbital Propertiesi. 0.048 degreesii. Axil tilt if 3.13 degreesiii. It`s center of mass is not in the center of the Suniv. Rotation rate1. Jupiter has no surface 2. Different parts of the atmosphere rotates at different rates3. 9hour and 55min from it`s magnetic field (half of Earth`s day)b. Physical Propertiesi. Has small ringsii. Largest moons were discovered by Galileoiii. Mass = 1.9x 10^27kgiv. Radius= 71,500kmv. Density= 1,300kg/msvi. Has a magnetic field1. Metallic hydrogen behaves like an electric conductora. Predicted in 1936 but hard to prove experimentally since high pressure is needed2. Geologic and magnetic north and south poles both are located in the same place on both sides3. Has quadruple and octupole and higher components4. Plasma Torusa. Caused by charged particles interact with Jupiter`s magnetospherevii. Has 67 moons including the moons Galileo discovered1. Moons are asteroid sized, probably caught in Jupiter`s orbit2. Moons within the rings help replenish the rings3. 59 irregular moonsa. Eccentric orbits4. 8 Regular moons are progradea. Close to circular 5. Galilean moonsa. IOi. Closest to Jupiterii. 90% sulfur dioxideiii. Changes surface features constantlyiv. Densest of Jupiter`s moonsv. No craters and huge tidal forcesvi. Iron and iron sulfide corevii. Most active thing in the universe thank to Ganymede, and Jupiter`s gravityviii. Age is hard to determine since it`s volcanoes cover up the craters as fast the moon receives themix. Charged ionized particles1. Causes solar wind once heated and faint auroraeb. Europai. Smooth and frozen water surface1. Tidal force breaks the ice only for the atmosphere to freeze the escaping water againii. No cratersiii. No tectonic platesiv. Induced magnetic fieldv. Thin oxygen particlesvi. Density = 3,000kg/m^3c. Ganymedei. Largest moon in the solar systemii. Has cratersiii. Holds water iceiv. Dark spots filled with dustv. Atmosphere has thin oxygenvi. Iron in core (B-field)vii. Has polar capsd. Calistoi. Meaning “the prettiest one”ii. Atmosphere is thin mostly carbon dioxideiii. Induced magnetic fieldiv. No evidence of plate activityv. Bright wrinkly spot called Valhallaviii. Gravity= 2.528gramesix. Temperature depends on pressure 165Kc. Internal Structurei. Could`ve been a star but it`s core didn`t ignited. Atmospherei. 75% Hydrogenii. 24% Heliumiii. 1% various elements (methane)iv. Crust = molecular hydrogenv. Mantle = Liquid Hydrogenvi. Core = Metallic Hydrogenvii. Jovian planets don`t loose most of their mass due to their large massesviii. Lowest layer of clouds aren`t visible to telescopeix. Has a hole in the atmospherex. Puts out more heat than the Sun due to the slow escape of gravitational energy1. Core cools due to gravitational compressionxi. Kelvin Helmholtz mechanism – Jupiter use to be bigger and hotter however it`s contractinge. How it was formed?i. Shallow1. Everything happens on top of surfaceii. Deep1. Everything happens below surfacef. Zones hold concentrations of ammoniai. Zones are cooler and higher than beltsii. Corresponds to upwelling of air g. Oblateness – a measure of how flattened a planet isi. Jupiter has it because of it`s fast rotationh. Magnetospherei. Surrounded by belts of charged particles 30 kilometer acrossii. 20,000 times the size of Earthiii. Extends beyond Saturn`s orbiti. Small White – Spot (Oval BA)j. Red Spot – Great Red Spot or persistent cyclonic storm south of the equator2.Chapter 12 Saturna. Physical Propertiesi. 1610 planet seen by Galileoii. Saturn is noticeably oblate because it is a fluid body that is spinning rapidly.iii. 1655 rings proposed by Christian Huygensiv. 1675 Cassini saw gaps in the ringsv. Mass=5.7*10^26vi. Radius=60,000 kilometervii. Density=700kg/m^3viii. Rotation is rapid enough to flatten Saturn1. 10.57 hours per periodix. Surface gravity=1.065gx. Has magnetic fieldsxi. Has 62 moonsxii. Has atmospherexiii. Eccentricity of orbit is .056xiv. 1 Orbital rotation=29.5 earth yearsxv. Flattening=. 097xvi. Rings mainly made of Iceb. Atmospherei. 3% Helium and 96% Hydrogenii. Compared to Jupiter, Saturn's atmosphere is more calm with fewer stormsiii. Winds stronger than Jupiter (Zonal Flow)iv. Hexagon feature on the north polev. Has zones and band structurevi. 3 layer of clouds1. Thicker than Jupiter`s clouds covera. Ammonia iceb. Hydro sulfate icec. Water icevii. Rarely has spots like Jupiter1. Usually white2. Storms last a few monthsc. Magnetosphere and Interiori. Radiates twice as much energy than the Sun1. Gravitational compression2. Helium and hydrogen condenses to droplets of rain3. Has magnetosphere 5% as strong as Jupiter4. Has dipole that creates auroraeii. Plasma from moonsd. Ring Systemi. Range from millimeters to tenths of a meterii. Moons sharing an orbit with smaller moons are called Shepherd moonsiii. Too active to have lasted past the solar system birthiv. Some portions are older than othersv. The rings are either replenished or are continuing to form over timevi. Roche Limit1. Best distance that the moon could survive2. Ring system is within the limit3. Things outside would be torn apart due to tidal forcevii. D,C,B< Cassini Division, A and F ring1. Similar to 81/2=> 21 Earth in it`s apparent sizeviii.e. Moonsi. Regular Moons=24ii. Major Moons=7iii. Small moons share orbitsiv. Saturn's orbit is more elliptical than Jupiter's, and its tilt is much larger as wellv. All between 3/9 radii are tidally lockedvi. Shepherd Moons1. Titana. Made of nitrogenb. Only moon with an atmospherec. Radius is half of Earth`sd. Average temperature 93.7Ke. Lakes of Ethane or methanef.Has an ambient temperature liquid on surfacei. Maybe hydrocarbonsg. Interior i. Rock ice coreii. High pressured ice2. Enceladusa. 14th satellite by distance orbits by the E-ringb. Seems youthfulc. Tiger stripesi. Fractures in the iced. Cry-o-volcanoesi. Has cold geysersii. Found by looking at the gravity and change on thesatellite3.Chapter 13 Uranus/ Neptunea. Uranusi. Discovered by W. Herschel 1781 along with 3 of it`s moonsii. Rotates in it`s sideiii. Means “sky” or “heaven”iv. Mass=14.5*Earthv. Has a magnetic fieldvi. Has 27 moons1. Largest moon is called Mirandavii. 1 orbit = 84.3 earth yearsviii. Axial tilt = 97.8 degreesix. 17.25 hour rotation periodx. Gravity = .886xi. Flattening = .017xii. Seasonal variations are extremexiii. It`s rings are thin1. 13 ringsa. Each named after
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