Anthropology 102 STUDY GUIDE for FINAL EXAM Archaeology and Prehistory You are responsible for all material covered in lecture and discussion from Monday April 10 onward In particular review your handouts from lectures and sections These are all posted on Moodle SITES and PLACES For each of the following you should know WHERE it is at least as precise as continent or region e g Europe Middle East WHEN it was occupied at least approximately like Neolithic or about 6 000 years ago WHAT its significant characteristics are and WHY it is significant L information in lecture T information in Images of the Past 1 The Fertile Crescent L T Where When What Why 2 Beidha L Where When What Why 3 Ali Kosh L Where When What Why 4 Ain Mallaha T Where When What Why 5 Abu Hureyra T L Where When What Why 6 Jericho T Where When What Why 7 atalh y k T Where When What Why 8 Giza T Where When What Why 9 Cahokia L T Where When What Why 10 Mesopotamia L T Where When What Why 11 Knossos L T Where When What Why 12 Uruk Where When What Why 13 Sipan Where When What Why DEFINITION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE of the following terms 1 Farming 2 Domestication 3 Preadaptation 4 Spot demand 5 Tribe 6 Clan 7 Lineage 8 Sodality sickle 9 Quern grinding stone mano and metate 10 Pollen 11 Phytolith 12 Coprolite 13 Aurochs 14 Schlep Effect 15 Population structure of a herd of animals 16 Mud brick 17 Tell or tepe 18 Natufian culture 19 Lunate 20 Obsidian 21 Neolithic 22 Beer 23 Hierarchical society 24 Central place 25 Redistribution 26 Sumptuary goods 27 Public monuments monumental architecture 28 Mortuary ritual 29 NAGPRA 30 Archaeological stewardship 31 Descendant community 32 Collaborative research QUESTIONS 1 What is the three part definition of farming given in class 2 What important problems inherent in farming does this definition emphasize 3 What is the definition of domestication given in class 4 What are some of the places in which plants and animals were domesticated 5 What are the crops and or food animals associated with these areas 6 What was the first animal to be domesticated 7 What was significant about the domestication of dogs 8 What specific characteristics made wild dogs goats sheep cattle pigs chickens wheat and barley pre adapted for domestication 9 What are six of the most important consequences for people of farming and the domestication of plants and or animals Briefly explain each consequence 10 True or False Farming gives people the leisure time they need to invent new technologies and create civilization If False then why do farmers sometimes invent new technologies and create civilization one short phrase answers this question 11 In general terms describe modern tribes their subsistence population social organization economy and leadership How should we expect tribes to differ from bands hunter gatherers archaeologically in settlement pattern sites material culture and burials 12 What are three main lines of evidence archaeologists can use to determine whether plants or animals were domesticated What are the advantages and limitations of each kind of evidence 13 What is one way that an archaeologist can determine whether plant seeds found at a site are from a domesticated or wild variety 14 In addition to grains what other plant or plant containing materials can give information about diet economy or environment 15 How might the population structure of animals consumed at an archaeological site indicate whether the animals were wild or domesticated 16 What can we learn about diet and subsistence by studying human bone chemistry textbook 17 In the article The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race what archaeological evidence does author Jared Diamond cite to support his claim that farming agriculture was in many ways a catastrophe from which we never recovered 18 How do we know that farming is not a discovery 19 What factors may be important in explaining why people adopted or developed farming 20 Why is no single story likely to explain every instance in which people adopted farming 21 What changes if any in subsistence settlement technology and social organization happened in the Natufian and Neolithic cultures of the Middle East 22 What burial practices characterize many Natufian and Neolithic sites in the Middle East and what do the burial practices suggest about these societies 23 Why did beer play a crucial role in the development of farming and urban society in the Middle East 24 What is the definition of hierarchical societies given in class 25 List and briefly explain three reasons the ones given in lecture why hierarchical societies are notoriously unstable 26 What are three strategies by which the leaders of hierarchical societies maintain the unequal social order and minimize internal stress 27 How should we expect hierarchical societies and ancient states to differ from tribes culturally and archaeologically 28 Why is the first writing a useful tool for social control 29 What three purposes may be served by public monuments and public works in general 30 In constructing public monuments which is more important innovations in technology or innovations in labor organization 31 What is a potential problem with the use of sumptuary goods to indicate high status What is a potential solution to that problem 32 What four things must archaeologists do to collaborate successfully with descendant communities IMAGES you should be able to recognize the following images 1 grinding stone mano and metate or quern 2 lunates 3 skull from Jericho 4 a fresco of a upper class ladies from the site of Knossos 5 site of Cahokia Mississippi Valley AD 1250 6 A tell tel or tepe made mostly of mud brick rubble 7 Malta member of the dog species The first domesticated animal species and a self domesticated parasite