PowerPoint Notes- Sustainabilityo Is metal considered sustainable? Yeso Is metal considered renewable? Noo Which LEED credits would metal contribute to? MBMA – Metal Building Manufacturers Association USGBC – U.S. Green Building Council - Tells LEED Credits for Metal - Integrative process- High priority site- Reduced parking footprint- CSI MasterFormato Metals are in Division 5 of the MasterFormato Specifications What do shop drawings include- Details of cuts, connections, splices, camber, holes- Indicate welds- Type, size, and length of bolts- Signed and sealed shop drawings What certification should the fabricator possess?- AISC Quality Certification Program and be designated an AISC-Certified Planto Category I, conventional steel structures- Experience What kind of connections are used in the field? How will the quality of connections be ensured?- Iron and Steelo Iron-based metal alloys are referred to as ferrous metalso Mined as iron oreo Pure iron is weak and ductile but wrought iron is strong enough for construction purposes. It has been used for centuries for bridges, buildings, and other structureso Many irons and steels get their strength from adding carbon If too much is added, it becomes too brittle to shape and are cast into molds instead This is called cast iron- Making Pig Iron (Ingots)o Iron ore (mined from ground)o + Coke (fuel made of coal)o + Air and Watero + Flux (limestone to separate impurities)o + Refractories (alloys for desired qualities)o = Pig Iron - Smelted to create ingots for further processing- Steelmakingo Pig Irono + Scrap Iron and Steelo + Fluxo + Alloys for desired qualities (if needed)o = Melted in a furnace; then molded into ingots or cast into bars or billets for further manufacture into shapes- Top 10 Biggest Steel Producing Countries in the Worldo 10. Turkeyo 9. Brazilo 8. Ukraineo 7. Germanyo 6. South Koreao 5. Russiao 4. Indiao 3. United States 80.5 million tonso 2. Japano 1. China 626.7 million metric tons- Cast Iron Propertieso Cast iron is hard and brittleo Because it’s cast instead of rolled, more complex shapes can be madeo It is used for DWV pipe (old) Ornamental railing Stair treads Manhole covers- Carbon Steel Propertieso Carbon steel contains up to 1.2% carbon with no alloys neededo More than 90% of steel manufactured into finished products is carbon steel Structural shapes Rebar Plates and pipes Sheets- Carbon Steel Designationso American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) A36 is the most commonly used standard for carbon steel (Construction)o Tensile Strength Pressured by 2 plates until it cracks- Manufacturing Finished Shapeso Steel products are manufactured by Casting in molds Forging, extruding, rolling, and cold-drawing in mills (referred to as wrought products)- 90% of all manufactured products are wrought Machining- Structural Shapeso Beams and Columns Wide-Flange (W) American Standard (S)o Channels Miscellaneous (MC) American Standard (C)o Angles Equal Leg (L) Unequal Leg (L)o Tees Cut from W Shape (WT) Cut from S Shape (ST)o Dimensioning W24 x 62- 24” depth- 62 pounds per linear foot- Joints and Connectionso Joints and connection in metal assemblies can be made with Mechanical fasteners- Rivets- Bolts (specified load)- Welded studs- Powder actuated fastener- Stitching (wire sewing)- Threaded fasteners (screws)- Expansion bolts- Adhesive held fasteners Mechanically formed joints (no fasteners)- Used in metal roofing, ductwork, gutters/downspouts, sheet metal- Stack joints Welding, brazing, soldering- Arc welding – heat from high voltage electric flow (arc) melts metal using a rodo Best for thick metalso Outdoor useo Least expensive equipmento Metal doesn’t have to be very clean- Resistance welding – electric current run through parts to be joined(spot welding)- MIG & TIG – use argon/helium/Co2 gaso MIG Easiest Long, continuous welds Thin or thick metal Makes a lot of smokeo TIG Best appearance Cleanest, lowest fumes Thin metals Most difficult and expensive Adhesive bonding o American Welding Society (AWS)- Structural Steel Framingo Steel framed structures are built from hot-rolled beams, column, and girders, combined with bar joists and steel decking- Shear and moment connectionso Structures are subjected to shear and moment forceso Moment connections provide rigidity, along with diagonal bracing and shear panels Concrete, CMU, steel Building core – elevator shafts, stair towers, restrooms and service areaso Moment connections  Major red flag when figuring costs = extra time, extra money Keep something in place without bracing  Provide rigidity, along with diagonal bracing and shear panels Moment – tendency to twist or turn Have bolts to keep the connection in place at first, so that they can then be welded together later - Steel (Bar) Joists and Deckingo SJI – Steel Joist