ANT 374!!For presentations: send Heather handouts!Quiz 1 a week from Thursday. you can bring in a set of notes on paper which will be handed in.!!Powerpoint Ctd'...!!Three types of parasites!" How do parasites infect humans?!" -vector route!" " -part-time host transports parasite!" " " -tick, biting insect!" " -animal consumption route!" " " -undercooked meat!"!" Parasite example:!" Amoebic Dysentery (protozoa)!" " -feces-contaminated food or water!" " -common in tropics; particularly where human feces are used to fertilize crop fields !" " -colonize the colon!" " -mucous, bloody diarrhea!" " -serious disease: liver abscess!" " -prefers warmer water!!Other Disease Types- Mycoses!!Fungal diseases!" Fungi are:!" " -Eukaryotes- membrane surrounds nucleus!" " -not animals!" " -not plants (they also do not photosynthesize, they instead get their nutrition from absorption)!" " -common in soil, on plants!!Two types:!1) Yeasts- single-celled fungi which reproduce via budding (asexual)!" -e.g. yeast infection- Candida albicans!2) Molds- multicellular fungi!"!Fungal Disease Example!Onchomycosis- T. rubric (mold)!" -moist, warm environments!" -more common with age!" " -thicker nails!" " -less blood flow!" -nail thickness, brittleness, discoloration!" -Oral pill treatment for cure, but the toenail has to completely grow out afterwards, but the pill apparently " " " " " " " " " damages the liver very badly so it is not used much anymore. !" -now, topical treatments are much more common and soaking toenails in listerine orhydrogen peroxide.!!_end categories of diseases__________________________________________________________________________!!Understanding Disease in the Past!!Epidemiology: study of causes, distribution, control of disease!!Epidemiological Theory:!" -Explains disease patterns in past!" -can predict changes in future!"!Disease: A Theoretical View!!Three major epidemiological transitions:!" 1st: foraging to agriculture!" 2nd: agriculture to industrial economy!" 3rd: industrial to technological!!Anthropological View: Disease and Social Complexity!!Disease & Society Type!!Four Levels of Social Complexity!!1) Foragers (Band)!" -small, mobile groups!" -until 9,000 BC!2) Simple Agriculturalists (Tribe)!" -Settled!" -Starts 9,000 BC (Near East)!3) Intensive Agriculturalists (Chiefdom)!" -populations in the thousands!" -5500 BC (Near East)!4) State Level Societies!" -populations of 50,000+!" -earliest state = 3500 BC!!!How do we study disease in the past?!Sources of knowledge: Past Disease!1.Archaeological analysis!" -Features & Artifacts!" " -subsistence, social complexity!" -Skeletons!" " -life span, diseases!" " [Archaeological indicators of subsistence!" " Skeletal indicators of disease: syphilis, carcinoma, actinomycosis (fungal infection of ankle and foot)]!" -Coprolites - preserved human feces!" " -ancient latrines!" " -very dry or salty environments!" " -parasite eggs, larvae!" " -seeds, bones, fish scales!Limitations in Archaeological Analysis!" -Most diseases not identifiable in skeletons!" " ~20 diseases have unique skeletal indicators (leprocy, tuberculosis, treinemal disease)!" " -bony involvement rare!" -General "stress" indicators are better!" -Coprolites patchily distributed!2.Genetic Analysis of Pathogens!" Pathogen: disease-causing microbe or parasite!" " -evolutionary relationships!" " -estimated time since divergence!" " " -called molecular clock analysis!" Herpes viruses!" " 100+ herpes viruses (that affect different animals, most of which do not affect humans)!" " Humans susceptible to three types:!" " 1. -HSV-1: "cold sore" herpes!" " 2. -HSV-2: "genital" herpes!" " 3. -VZV: chicken pox, shingles!" All three types:!" " -lifelong infections!" " -travel vial saliva and other bodily fluids!" " -hibernate in nerves!" " HSV-1 is found in even remote human villages - suggests that this is a very old infection!" Genetic analysis:!" " -hominins (bipedal primates related to humans) inherited herpes viruses fro primate ancestors !" " -HSV-1 and HSV-2 diverged 8 million years ago!" " -HSV-1 has three variants (listed above)!" " " -diverged 400k-500k years ago!Limitations of Genetic Analysis!" -must have related species in order to make comparisons!" " -pathogens from wild animal hosts needed!3.Historical records!" " -ancient medical texts!" " -artistic renderings!" ...Must be cautious about interpretation!" " -one name, many diseases!" " -non-unique symptoms!!Disease: Pre-agricultural baseline!" Foragers: limited range of pathogens!" " 1. Heirloom species: inherited from hominin ancestors !" " " -external parasites (head lice, osteomyelitis: bone infection)!" " " -internal parasites (pinworms)!" " " -single host parasites!" " " -opportunistic bacteria!" " " -lifelong viruses!" " 2. Souvenir species: Pathogens from daily activities!" " " -Zoonoses: Primary host are animals (pronounced zoo-no-sees)!" " " " -Passes to humans-!" " " " " -insect bites (malaria)!" " " " " -handling or consumption of contaminated meat/water!" Infectious diseases were uncommon in pre-agricultural baseline (i.e. common cold, influenza)!" " -Low population density!" " " -need a large, interconnected groups in order for infectious diseases to really flourish!" " " -kill quickly or immunity develops!" " Souvenir disease (occasional diseases from animals) example: