Study Guide for ANT 374 Final Exam For diseases or microbes, you should know the following – 1) the illness caused (basic level – pneumonia, flu‐like symptoms, etc.),2) type of cause (virus, protozoa, etc.), 3) how contracted (contaminated soil, droplets in air, etc.), 4) vector or behavior or societal circumstances that spreads it, 5) societal impact (specific circumstance or more general impact, if applicable), 6) original source, if known. Section I: Bacteria Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Opportunistic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus Lactobacillus acidophilus Bordetella pertussis Virus Human rhinovirus Fungus Onchomycosis Epidemiology HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 (herpes) Heirloom Diseases Souvenir Diseases Zoonoses Childhood anemia Bovine Tuberculosis Dental Caries Dental Abscess Tay‐Sachs Disease Cystic Fibrosis Phenylketonuria (PKU) How are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi similar or different? How are some bacteria beneficial to humans? What are the main differences between an RNA and a DNA virus? What two main factors helped to reduce infectious diseases in the US since 1900? What are the six leading causes of death worldwide How do changes in societal complexity and subsistence (Hu nting/gathering, farming, intensive agriculture, etc.) affect disease frequency? What factors affect diseases the most at each stage and what types of diseases are affected by each? What are some examples of heirloom diseases? How do changes in societal complexity and food resources influence dental disease? What can major congenital malformatio ns teach us about past societies and their beliefs? What can we learn about natural selection from studying human disease? Section 2: Folic acid (vitamin B9) Neural Tube Defects Marasmus Kwashiorkor Iron deficiency anemia Megaloblastic anemia Cribra orbitalia/Porotic hyperostosis Rickets Hypovitaminosis A Hypovitaminosis C (scurvy) Sebum Innate Immunity Adaptive immunity Leukocytes Macrophages Mast Cells Lupus Protozoan Parasite Metazoan Parasites (three main types) Trypanosomiasis Malaria (falciparum & vivax) Duffy antigen G6PD Thalassemia Filariasis Hookworm Ascaris (large roundworm) Trichuris (whipworm) Schistosomiasis Why is breast milk so important in the first six months of life? When during the life cycle are the riskiest times and why? How do societal complexity and subsistence influence iron deficiency anemia? How might culture influence the frequency of rickets in a population? What are some physical barriers (including chemical/mechanical) of the human immune system? How does adaptive immunity work when a new microbe enters the body? How has natural selection against malaria caused genetic changes in human populations (G6PD, Duffy antigen Thalassemia)? Section 3: Mycoses Dermatophyte Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis) T. rubrum Jock Itch (Tinea cruris) Ringworm Sporotrichosis Valley Fever (coccidioidomycosis) Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis Plague (Black Death) Bubonic vs. Pneumonic Plague Yersinia pestis Delta 32 Mutation [DVD] Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Mycobacterium bovis Granuloma Caseation of lungs Kyphosis Kokopelli Sanitorium Movement Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) Cholera Typhoid H1N1 Influenza Lead Poisoning Mad Cow Disease SARS Hepatitis A What are the three categories of fungal disease and how are they different? Where did T. rubrum come from and how did migration of people influence its spread around the world? Of the three systemic mycoses in the United States, which is the most deadly? How does race (geographic ancestry) play a role? Why is Coccidioidomycosis a concern for pet owners and zoos? What are the important occurrences of Bubonic Plague in the past and how many people were affected? How did exposure to the Black Death potentially increase the resistance of some people to HIV? [DVD] What trick does M. tuberculosis do to get inside macrophages where they can reproduce? How does TB remain alive in the body even after T‐Cells begin to hunt it? How often does TB affect the skeleton and what are some of these effects? How far back does our evidence of TB go? What is the difference between Tuber culoid and Lepromatous Leprosy? What are some of the skeletal manifestations of leprosy? How far back does our evidence of leprosy go? Section 3 Readings: Ergotism Black Death in the Middle Ages – Where did it come from? Hantavirus and mice Influenza (Three Types) 1918 Flu Pandemic Childhood diseases Mumps Rubella Chickenpox What is the difference between gangrenous and convulsive ergotism? What is the possible connection between ergot poisoning and witch trials in Europe as well as perhaps Salem Massachussetts? How might the symptoms of the disease contributed to its misunderstanding? Aside from the wealthy, when did pet‐keeping become common in Europe? What are the positive health benefits of pets? Why were cats sometimes kille d in large numbers in Europe? Toxocara canis Toxoplasmosis What is the possible connection between MS and dogs? How did trade with neighboring societies, and eventually long‐distance trade, affect diseases in the past? When did trade become important in human societies. What is some of the historical evidence for plagues and pestilences of the past before the year 1 AD? Where did rats come from and how were they important in terms of the spread of disease? What are the animal reservoirs for influenza and how to they affect its impact on humans? When was the first definitive case of influenza described in Europe? What caused civilization to develop in Mesopotamia? According to Barnes, what is a Hit and Run disease? Why does Diphtheria require a viral infection to become contagious? How can cultural behavior affect campaigns to eradicate diseases in developing countries?