ANT 374!Announcements: " Tuesday 9/27: Zika virus panel!" " " " Thursday 9/29: no class, term paper!" " " " Tuesday 10/4: no class, term paper!" " " " Emerging diseases and post-industrial period disease are good selections for term paper topic!!Begin test 2 marterial:!!!Nutritional Disease!Overview!Nutritional needs varies by life stage!" -prenatal!" -infancy!" -early childhood (weaning)!" -late childhood/adolescence!" -adulthood!" -old age!Nutrition & Life Cycle: Prenatal!Intra-uterine environment:!" -quality is key!" -size of placenta is important: shown that size of child at birth is directly correlated with placenta size!" " -small if mother is undernourished!" " -smoking has strong correlation to smaller placenta size!Placenta's function:!" -nutrients --> transferred from mother to fetus!" -waste--> transferred from fetus to mother !Placental Barrier: Filters out most non-nutrients!" -alcohol, some narcotics can cross the barrier!"-some disease agents can cross the barrier:!" " -HIV, syphilis, heavy metals (lead)!Alcohol and Prenatal Nutrition & Lifestyle:!" Alcohol is ancient:!" " -wine (5000 BC) in Iran!" " -beer (2000-3000 BC) in Mesopotamia!" " -->Alcohol abuse probably began among the wealthy, most likely in more complex levels of societies " " " " " (state level societies and more complex)!" " " FAS - (fetal alcohol syndrome) can occur when mother is a heavy drinker!" " " " -2+ drinks per day (chronically)!" " " " " Symptoms in newborn:!" " " " " " -small body!" " " " " " -mental retardation!" " " " " " -facial anomalies!Prenatal: Nutrients!" Nutrients come from mother's bloodstream!" " -comes from mother's current diet and & nutritional stores (if the current diet is not adequate)!" " -nutritional stores are stored in bones!" Fetus draws most nutrients from mother during late pregnancy!" " -nutrient storage!" " -low storage = low growth!" Poor intra-uterine environment = low birth weight:!" " -if born under 5.5 lbs : death rate is 30-40 times more likely to die within first month of birth than >5.5 lbs!" " -acute prenatal malnutrition is most dangerous!" " " -chronic = smaller body, but normal proportions (limited nutrition for long period of time)!" " " -acute = more likely to die; longer fetus but thinner body measurements (little nutrition for short " " " " " " " " " "periods of time)!" Food Taboos and Pregnancy:!" " -Cultural example: Chad!" " " -no Antelope with twisted horns!" " " -no bony headed fish, eggs, or chicken" !" " " " --> problem: can cause deprivation of major food sources that provide necessary levels of " " " " " " proteins and fats for the mother. !" " " -consumption of the above foods during pregnancy has led to fear of stillbirth and malformations!" Prenatal Period: Folic Acid (vitamin B9)!" " -necessary for DNA and tissue formation!" " -many foods rich in folic acid: beans, spinach, OJ, peanuts, etc.!" " -crucial period =2-4 weeks post-conception <-- (needed very early in developmental process)!" " " -risk of neural tube defects if low in folic acid!" Neural Tube Defects:!" " Neural tube: embryonic tissue - produces brain and spinal cord!" " " -two major defects!" " " " 1) spina bifida: lower end malformed!" " " " 2) anencephaly: brain underdeveloped or absent!" " " -70% of NTDs appear to be cause by simple folic acid deficiencies!" " Spina Bifida: !" " " -spinal canal does not close off!" " " -often a sack of fluid at lower back with spinal cord!" " " -leg paralysis!" " " -rare mental retardation association!" " " problem often occurs before pregnancy is recognized!" " Anencephaly:!" " " -top of neural tube fails to close!" " " " -brainstem sometimes present!" " " " -usually fatal (infants with anencephaly usually die quickly after birth)!" " " (Archaeological example from ancient Egypt)!Nutrition & Lifecycle: Infancy!" Traditional societies & breastfeeding!" " -breast milk sufficient for the first 6 months of life or longer!" " -malnutrition has minimal effect on mother's breast milk quality (unless serious malnourishment occurs in " " mother)!" Many benefits of breast milk:!" " -bolsters immune system!" " -protected from diarrhea!" " -helps coat the digestive system!" " " Industrialization = reduction in breastfeeding!" " " " U.S. data: !" " " " " -1946: only 38% breastfed!" " " " " -1966: only 18% breasted!" " " " " -1980: over 50% breasted (as people began to realize the benefits of breastfeeding)!" " " " Trend reversed by upper income families first!" " Affected international trends: !" " Chilean data:!" " " -in 1960: 95% breastfed beyond first year!" " " -by 1969: only 6%!" " " " -only 20% nursed for 2 months!" " " Developing countries:!" " " " -bottle feeding seen as modern, high-status!" " " " -ended up being detrimental to health of the babies b/c nutrient quality was not the same as " " " " " " " breastmilk!" Marasmus (malnutrition)!" " -insufficient calories AND insufficient protein!" " " -thin legs and arms!" " " -distended belly!" " Marasmus increased with worldwide decline in breastfeeding!Nutrition & Life Cycle: Early Childhood!" Age at weaning depends on culture!" In cases of protein poor diets:!" " -particularly prevalent in tropical areas!" " -may breastfeed from 2-4 years!" " -sometimes infanticide of second infant to ensure survival of first infant who is still breastfeeding!" Weaning is a critical time:!" " -protein is very important for early childhood!" " -children need more protein per pound because at this period of life the child is growing at a much more " " rapid rate!" " -normal adult diet is often calorie rich, but protein poor without affecting adult development problems, " " " but this combination would cause problems in early childhood.!" Kwashiorkor: protein malnutrition!" " -calorie count sufficient (unlike marasmus)!" " -symptoms:" !" " " -swollen limbs!" " " -flaky skin!" " " -biochemical breakdown (enzymes may not work properly, affects internal organs/functions)!" " -origin of namesake: West Africa!" " " -word means "displaced child"!" " " -child loses access to breast milk protein!" " -West African diet: cassava, plantains, yams!" " " -high-calorie, low protein foods!" Early Childhood: Risk Factors!" " -Gastroenteritis: "weanling diarrhea"!" " -infectious disease: e.g. measles, chicken pox!" " " -may be fatal in malnourished child!" " -cultural attitudes about feeding!" " " -some children have ideas about what and when children can or should eat!" " " -affects