ANT 374!!(Student Presentation 1)!Microsporidiosis !-A parasitic fungi!-Transmission by spores of the parasite and can be through air inhalation, water or food!-Symptoms: Diarrhea !-Hard to detect, need stool or urine sample user microscope (only 186 cases detected worldwide)!-Who is at risk? HIV infected people bc of poor immune systems, malnourished areas, recent organ transplants!-Antiquity of disease: 1959 !-Effects on society: the risk of coming in contact has become increased, but areas that are treated with antiretroviral therapy have reduced probability of contraction!-MSP has the nuclear organization of eukaryotes, MSP can affect very organ system in the human body!-possible origins could have been from birds and fish (general water association with MSP)!-MSP is very hard and can survive under harsh conditions!!(Student Presentation 2)!Ochratoxin A!-A fungal disease, microtoxin!-Affects a species of barley!-Found in a lot of sills where grain is held (called a "storage fungi") also grain, pork, coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes, contaminants of water damaged houses and heating ducts!-Most at risk: lab rats, people in an area where other people already have a high rate of kidney disease!-Has been linked to renal disease and renal failure, but it has not been confirmed.!-Is considered a level 2 b carcinogen!-Genetic predisposition or predispose to heavy metal could increase the symptoms of exposure!-Treatment: Prevention mostly, but bile-acid-binding resin to reduce recirculation of OTA!-Effects on the body: Affects the brain cells of fetuses, immune system in humans and in animals, major impact on pultry industry and people with renal disease!-Effects on society: Balkan people near danube river, north african countries!-Affected populations: poultry and pigs, especially recently in Scandinavia!-Interesting Facts: claims of donated grain from the US to Egypt suspected of being contaminated by OTA; chronic exposure is more deadly than acute exposure, Discovered in 1960's in South Africa !-Unknown affect on the body, just general negative!-Can pass through the placental barrier!-The US spends over 1billion dollars on research in the food grain industry because of OTA!!!(Student Presentation 3)!Shigellosis!-Acute bacilliary dysentary!-Bacteria attaches to and punctures the intestine epithelial!-Human->Human!-Vectors: Flies!-Present in stools of affected people!-Occasionally seen in some monkeys and chimps!-Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms after 1-2 days, Diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, tenesmus, some experience no symptoms, blood in stool!-500,000 cases in the US per year, no seasonality. The majority of deaths from this are children!-Who is at risk: young children, HIV patients, and travelers!-Disease Antiquity: Kiyoshi Shiga (japan)!-During WWII Shigellosis was used by Japanese as a biological weapon by testing POW and giving them the disease!-Affect on Society: Bio weapon bc is is very antibiotic resistant!-There is no vaccine or cure to Shigellosis. lifespan of disease is 5-7 days!!!!!!Lecture ctd' from 8/30!Genetic disease- all populations ! -From mutations in the DNA/genetic code (particularly sex cells)!# -unavoidable!Impact on society:!# -depends on culture!# -reverence, acceptance, or infanticide!!Parasitic disease Relatively small problem for most foraging societies!More problematic with settlement and population growth!# Possible Examples during the time of our foreign ancestors:!# -Hookworm (soil)!# -Tapeworm (meat)# !# -Malaria (insect)!# -Giardia (water)!!!Early Farmers (tribal societies)!Increased disease through:!# -sedentism: human waste contact (Being sedentary)!# -cleared land: more insects, dust!# -farm animals: more insects, intestinal parasites in meat!# -slavery not likely!!Childhood anemia!-comes from poor diet!-blood loss!-mostly women and children contract it!# -cribera orbital!# -porotic hyperstosis!# * both diseases end up pitting the skull bones!-pre-8000 BC- childhood anemia was rare!-sedentary foragers - some cases!-Increase with sedentism, horticulture, and agriculture!!Domestication!-Goats, sheep domesticated 9000 BC by mobile pastoralists!-cattle, pigs, domesticated by 7000 BC!# Bovine tuberculosis!# -cause: interaction with cattle!# -intestinal disease!# -infection from: cow's milk & inhalation (<-rare)!# -may migrate to posts muscle!# -can get skeletal lesions by microbactera (looks like he bones are being eaten away) which weakens the ######### # vertebrae and can cause spinal collapse (vertebral kyphosis) If it goes down into the pelvis, it can cause ## # # # # perforated hip joints and fevers!!!Chiefdoms!Complex society!Ranked society!chief controls the land!craft specialists!slavery