● Instinctive Behavior is Inherited○ Why do we call certain things instinctive?○ Why do the geese move back and forth?○ TO the right - to avoid predator, a hawk○ TO the left - to move toward mother goose● Memes = an idea, behavior that spreads from person to person within a culture, and not inherited. ○ Dawkins coined in 1976 book The Selfish Gene.● Fruit Flies are great for research○ Their genes have been documented, mapped out○ Their chromosomes can be easily mutated■ Ex: they have clock genes that cause them to rest or mate at certain times● Spider Webs○ Web becomes mechanism for trapping prey○ Pasilobus spiders have simple, triangular webs○ Made of silk - extremely strong, ○ Spiders eat their web, stores the silk, and respins it for new webs.○ Bolas spiders have almost no webs, but silk lining from inside their body.■ Places extremely sticky glue on a thread, and uses scent placed on thread to lure prey, then lasso’s them based on vibrations heard, and cocoons them to preserve freshness for eating.○ Q: How do spiders start to build the web?■ First the stars/outline, then spirals from middle ○ Scientists looking at mutations could see # of prey caught in webs ○ Male vs. female genes○ Prevalence of male cannibalism■ Female gains extra set of chromosomes and also meal to have offspring.■ Male vibrates his web when moving toward female to indicate its intentionof mating and not prey.■ Male spider defends itself by tying larger female down with threads while he mates.● Hardy Weinberg Principle: Conditions for no evolution?● Required conditions for genetic equilibrium1. Populations are large2. Individuals mate randomly3. Populations do not gain or lose individuals4. Natural selection is not occurring in the population5. Mutation is not occurring at a high enough rate to influence genetic variation● Makes it possible to calculate allele frequencies (p, q) based on the phenotypes● Can calculate the sum of the genotypes:○ P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1○ p^2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype○ 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype○ q^2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype● Natural Selection● Industrial Melanism○ Rapid shift in the color of peppered moth populations in England during the 19th century (Industrial Revolution)○ Turns out affected by birds’ predation on moths.● Can use Hardy Weinberg equation to calculate genotype population● As frequency of black allele increases, frequency of white allele decreases, and grey allele increases AND decreases● Relevance of Darwin’s Theory to Your Life○ Inherent selflessness appears as a method to attract mates and thus be able to