3 Types of Energy● Oxidation Reduction ●● Hydration + Dehydration○ ATP molecule is formed from ADP through the dehydration process.○ ATP molecule rehydrated to ADP - providing a continuous cycle of energy consumption, storage● Hydrothermal Vents● Most likely birthplace of life○ Proton gradients○ Oxidation reduction compounds○ All deposited in a microscopic scale● If you have protein gradient, and the ability to process the information, life can be created with enzyme and ability to carry out tasks.● FIrst life was in mitochondria, microscopic cells - formed from 2 kingdoms:○ Archaea○ Bacteria■ These kingdoms are still here, but remain simple cells● 3rd kingdom, was ours:○ Eukaryotes■ Formed from very unlikely process■ Individual bacteria merged with archaea to form new cells■ Supercharged complex cells ■ found in any macroscopic organism on the planet■ Eventually producing humans through process of natural selection.● Inherited archaea genes are necessary for operations of mitochondria○ The mitochondria are their own genes○ Mixture of mitochondria genes from both parents lead to instability, but 2 copies ensures no mutations in same place, and create foolproof DNA.● Massive variety in single-cell designs○ Allows for massive biological diversity and capability to exist● Amoeba in motion○ Acquiring information by moving around○ Is there food there? Is there not?● Mitochondrial DNA causes aging and mortality:○ The amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) found in peoples’ blood directly relates tohow frail they are medically, new research suggests. This DNA may prove to be a useful predictor of overall risk of frailty and death from any cause 10 to 15 years before symptoms appear, scientists report.● Sex speeds up evolution.○ Sex is based on meiosis - which produces new combinations of DNA.○ After merging and duplication, Crossing over creates new DNA. then splits up and ○ The way to ensure good genes is to keep shuffling through combinations○ Evolution’s natural selection Youtube Video:● Irreducible Complexity in Bacterial Flagellum● “Time is god” -Dale KieferSelfish genes:● Template for reproducing itself● For evolution to occur: Replicating ability, competition, and selection of a winner.● The way to win out is 1. Replicating faster or 2. Replicating more consistently/stability● On the molecular scale, this is the basis of Darwin’s evolution.● Replicator, Molecule, Substrate, Macromolecule○ Duplicate copies of themselves deplete substrates○ Mistakes create competitors○ Genes create survival machines (you are the means by which your genes will be passed on)● Key things for replication*** Read Darwin excerpt in powerpoint to understand!!