TEXTBOOK REVIEWChapter 9 Interpersonal AttractionØ Situational Factors- Proximity: We form bonds w ppl who are physically close- Anxiety-Inducing Events: Desire for social comparison attracts us to similarly anxious othersØ We like attractive ppl- Stereotypes of physically attractive pplo Better personalities, happier lives (not true... mostly)- Body size – 0.7 wait-to-hip ratio- Facial Attractiveness: Universal Standards + Gender DifferencesØ We like similar others- Matching Hypothesis – ppl are attracted to others who are similar to them- Demographics, attitudes, and physical attractiveness- People who like usØ Problems with social interactions:- Social Anxiety – unpleasant emotion due to concern w interpersonal evaluation- Loneliness – having smaller social network than desiredChapter 10 Intimate Relationships Ø Difference btw exchange and communal r/ss- Exchange r/ss: Give and take based on reciprocity- Communal r/ss: Give and take based on needØ Attachment - Strong emotional bond btw infant and caregiver- Continues into adulthood- Working models of self and others Ø Self-disclosure: Revealing personal info to othersØ Social penetration theory: Describes r/ss in terms of increasing self-disclosure- Individualists > collectivists- Women > men- Exception: male friends1Ø Excitation Transfer: Arousal caused by one stimulus is transferred and added to arousal caused by second stimulusØ Romantic relationships- Passionate love: State of intense longing for union w another- Companionate Love: Affection we feel for those w whom are lives are deeply entwined- 6 factors determine if love endures or fadeso Social disapproval, equity, self-esteem, idealization, social support, negative emotionsChapter 11 AggressionØ Aggression: Any form of behavior intended to injure or harm some person, oneself,or an object- Instrumental vs. hostileØ Gender differences- Men more physically aggressive - Women more indirect aggressionØ What causes aggression?- Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Theory that frustration causes aggressiono Includes idea of catharsis, the reduction in aggression following aggressive actØ Cognitive neo-associationist model: Aversive events produce negative affect, which stimulates inclination to aggress- Depends on higher-level thinking- Hostile aggression also sparked by: Heat, Alcohol, Excitation transferØ Aggressive Scripts: Guides for behavior in memory characterized by aggression- Violence in the mediao May promote antisocial conduct o May influence aggressive scriptsØ Culture of honor: Belief system in which males are socialized to protect reputation w violence - Develops in herding cultures + More prominent in the U.S. South2Ø Rape myth: False beliefs that deep down women enjoy forcible sex- Increased by viewing pornographyØ Reducing Aggression- Punishment: to reduce aggression, must be prompt, strong and consistent- Incompatible responses- 5 other factors:o 1) Social modelingo 2) Internalizing anti-aggression beliefso 3) Apologieso 4) Social skills trainingo 5) Reducing exposure to violenceChapter 12 Prosocial BehaviorØ Social Norms- Reciprocity: People shld be paid back what they give- Social Responsibility: Help others in need- Social Justice: Help those who deserve itØ Audience inhibition effect: Ppl inhibited from helping for fear of negative evaluation Ø Diffusion of Responsibility: Bystanders make ppl feel less personally responsible for helping- Assumption that others are also responsible Ø Moods and helping- Good moods: Greater helping under certain conditions- Bad moods: Greater helping to seek relief (sometimes)Ø Whom do we help?- Similar others and deserving others- Just world belief: The world is fair and ppl get what they deserveØ Threat to self esteem model: Receiving help can have hidden costs- If receiving help contains negative