!Miura!Ang!!! !!2!09/30%Wednesday%–%SOCIAL%COGNITION%&%PERSON%PERCEPTION% SOCIAL COGNITION!–!How!we!think!about!social!world!!4 The!way!in!which!we!interpret,!analyze,!rmb!and!use!info!about!the!social!world!o We!interpret!events!in!our!world!and!makes!sense!of!them!by!using!2!types!of!thinking:!§ Automatic!and!relatively!effortless!thinking!!§ Deliberate!and!relatively!effortful!thinking!!2!ways:!4 1)!Explicit%Processing!o Conscious!–"We"are"aware"that"we"are"doing"it"o Typically!effortful!o Typically!intentional!o E.g.!Complex!math!problem!!Explicit!cognition!involves!judgments!or!decisions!that!are!under!the!control!of!automatically!activated!evaluations!occurring!w/o!our!awareness.!!4 2)!Implicit%Processing!o Non4conscious!–"Not"necessarily"aware"that"we"are"doing"it,"but"we’re"aware"of"the"end"result!!o Effortless!o Automatic!–"Hard"to"suppress"it!o E.g.!Understanding!language!!Implicit!cognition!involves!judgments!or!decisions!that!are!under!the!control!of!automatically!activated!evaluations!occurring!w/o!our!awareness.!!!Explicit!Vs.!Implicit!4 Both:!Pluses!and!minuses!4 Implicit:!! Fast!and!easy,!!Inflexible!4 Explicit:!! Takes!effort,!! Flexible!e.g.!walking,!driving!a!car!!Being!unintentional!and!consuming!few!cog!resources,!implicit!cog!operates!quickly,!while!explicit!cog!is!generally!a!slower!process.!!!3!4 When!we!are!cognitively!busy!(i.e.!Engaged!in!explicit)?!!o Implicit!OK,!explicit!interrupted!!o Explicit!processing!only!interferes!w!explicit!processing,!NOT!implicit!!THOUGHT%SUPPRESSION:!Attempting!to!prevent!certain!thoughts!frm!entering!consciousness!!o Actively"trying"not"to"think"about"something"""4 Good!example!of!BOTH!implicit!and!explicit!cognition!working!in!tandem!to!prevent!unwelcome!thoughts!from!entering!consciousness.!!!o Involves!…!§ An!automatic"“early"warning”"monitoring"process"(implicit"cog)!for!unwanted!thoughts,!and!!!§ A"conscious"“active"prevention”"operating"process"(explicit"cog)!to!distract!attention!away!from!unwanted!thoughts.!!!4 Plays!a!critical!role!in!keeping!us!focused!so!that!we!can!accomplish!goals,!there!can!be!physical!and!emotional!costs!to!this!aspect!of!self4regulation.!!!!o Can!take!a!physical!and!mental!toll!on!our!health,!esp!during!times!of!stress.!!!Ø!Wegner!(1987)!4 Report!stream!of!consciousness!for!5!mins!aloud!to!a!tape!recorder!!4 Within4subjects!manipulation:!Expression!vs.!Suppression!!o Expression:!try!to!think!of!a!white!bear!!o Suppression:!try!to!not!think!of!a!white!bear!(counter4balanced)!!4 Results!o Suppressing!the!though!for!the!1st!5mins!caused!it!to!“rebound”!even!more!prominently!into!participants’!minds!later!! !§ Rebound!effect!!4!!o Self4regulation!–!Hard!to!control!our!own!thoughts!!!o Suppression!leads!to!obsession!–!Important!topics!magnified!!4 Examples:"Dieting"(suppressing"thought"of"hunger),"Thinking"about"an"ex"!Ø!Explanation!4 2!Part!process:!!o 1)!Implicit!monitoring!!o 2)!Explicit!correction!!4 When!conscious!suppression!stop…!Implicit!search!continues!!o More!likely!to!think!about!it!!4 Cognitively!busy?! ! ONLY!interferes!w!explicit!!!4 How!to!avoid?!!4 Paradoxically,!stop!trying!! ! E.g.!Falling!asleep!vs.!staying!awake!!§ Research:!Encouraging!insomniacs!to!stay!awake!helps!sleep!!4 Trying!to!think!about!smt!…!Easier!than!trying!to!not!think!about!smt!!o Study!2:!“Think!of!a!red!Volkswagen!instead”!§ NO!rebound!effect!!§ Breakup!example:!Meet!smo!new!!REASONING%FALLACIES%Ø!How!we!think!!4 Short!story:!!o People!are!cognitive!misers!!§ We!try!to!think!as!little!as!possible!!!5!o Use!time/effort!saving!strategies!!§ E.g.!Restaurant!script!–!a!set!of!ideas!telling!you!about!how!a!typical!event!occurs!!§ E.g.!“Spend!the!night”!!§ …!usually!work…!but!not!always!!!4 Leaves!us!open!to!…!!Ø!2!Types!of!Reasoning!Fallacies!!4 1)!We!see!what!we!expect!4 2)!We!see!what!we!want!!A% %B%% 2%% 3%4 Each!card!has!letter!on!1!side,!number!on!other!!!4 Your!task:!Turn!over!only!the!cards!necessary!to!determine!whether!all!cards!w!a!vowel!on!1!side!have!an!even!#!on!the!other!!4 Correct!answer:!A!and!3!à!Why?!!o Most!pick!A!&!2!(Watson,!1966)!!o 2!can!only!confirm!hypo,!not!disprove!!!8%–%10%–%12%4 Task:!write!down!the!rule!!4 First:!“ask”!me!sets!of!3!#s!à!I’ll!tell!you!if!they!fit!!4 Finally:!only!guess!the!rule!when!you’re!sure!!4 Correct!answer:!3!Increasing!#s!!!1)%WE%SEE%WHAT%WE%EXPECT%%4 Seek!confirmatory!info!–!Desire!for!hypothesis!to!be!true?!Not!necessary!!!6!!4 Confirmatory!Seeking!–!Synder!&!Swann!(1978)!!o Task:!Determine!if!partner!is…!!§ Manipulation:!Introvert!or!Extrovert!!o Participants!generated!own!questions!!§ Typically!introvert:!“What!do!u!like!about!being!alone”,!“What!is!the!worst!part!of!being!at!a!larger!party?”!!§ Typically!extrovert:!“What!do!you!do!to!get!to!know!ppl?”,!“How!do!we!liven!things!up!at!a!party?”!!o Notice!anything?! Leading!questions!!!o What!happened?!! Leading!qns!elicited!corresponding!answers!!!SELFLFULFILLING%PROPHECY%Ø!Pygmalion!in!the!Classroom!(Rosenthal!&!Jacobsen,!1968)!!4 Teachers!were!told!some!students!would!be!“bloomers”!!4 Those!students!end!up!doing!better!over!the!school!year!!4 Tricky!part:! “bloomer”!label!given!out!randomly!!!4 What!happened?!o Teacher!explanations!affected!how!they!treated!students…!§ More!attention,!encouragement!etc.!o …!which!helps!learning!!4 Our!expectations!…!o Shape!our!behavior!!o Shape!other’s!behavior!!o Confirming!our!expectations!!o Interview!example!in"a"real"world"setting!!7!!Ø!Expectations!4 Pre4existing!knowledge!!4 SCHEMA:!Organized!structure!of!knowledge!that!guides!info!processing!!o 1)!Provide!theories!about!how!the!social!world!operates!!§ Schemas!enrich!our!udsing!of!the!world!because!they!provide!a!theory!abt!the!category!of!interest.!!o 2)!Hasten!info!processing!and!decision4making!!o 3)!Influence!what!info!is!rmbed!and!recalled!!o Implicit!cog!allows!us!to!grp!objects,!ideas,!or!events!into!categories!and!also!to!develop!theories!about!those!categories.!The!theories!we!have!about!categories!are!called!schemas.!!!§ Schema:!an!organized!structure!of!knowledge!about!a!stimulus!that!is!built!up!from!experience!and!that!contains!causal!relations;!it!is!a!theory!about!how!the!social!world!operates!•
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