Psy 331 Textbook Review Exam #3Chapter 6- Stereotypes: Beliefs- Prejudice: attitudes- Discrimination: Behavior Know the differences. - Out-grp Homogenity Effect: Out-grp members more similar than in-grp members- In-grp bias: More favorable evaluations and rewards to in-grp members- Illusory correlation: belief that 2 variables are related when in fact there is little or no actual association- 3 forms of prejudiceo 1) Contemptous: Disrespect, Resentment, Hostilityo 2) Envious: Resentment, Hostility, Fear, Admirationo 3) Paternalistic: Disrespect, Condescension, Patronizing affection, Liking- Stigma: Attitude perceived as discrediting a person- Tribal Identities – Race, sex, religion- Blemishes of Individual Character – Mental disorders, homosexuality, criminality- Abominations of the body – Disabilities, diseases, obesity- Courtesy stigma: Individuals associated w stigmatized individual are negatively evaluated- Ambivalent sexism: Sexism that encompasses both positive & negative attitudes- Stereotype threat: o Fear of confirming stereotypes about one’s grpo Particularly when stereotypes are made salient1- What shapes prejudice and discrimination?o Social Identity Theory: We try to increase SE by identifying w social grps and seeing them as better o Realistic Grp Conflict Theory: Intergrp conflict develops from competition for limited resourceso Robbers cave study (Sherif) Superordinate goal led to decreased hostility- Social Dominance Theory: Societal grps can be organized in power hierarchy in which dominant grps receive assets - Authoritarian personality: Characterized by submissiveness to authority, rigidadherence to conventional valueso Associated w prejudice towards out-grps- Contact Hypothesis: Direct contact btw antagonistic grps can decrease prejudiceo 4 conditions:  1) Equal social status 2) Sustained close contact 3) Intergrp cooperation 4) Social norms favoring equality ** (Friendship potential: 5th factor added w more recent research)Chapter 7 - 3 types: o 1) Conformity: Yielding to perceived grp pressureo 2) Compliance: Responding to direct requesto 3) Obedience: Responding to direct orderCONFORMITY Impt to know Sherif and Asch study!!- Sherif: Autokinetic Effect Studyo Looking to others when defining social realityo Informational social influence2- Asch: Line Length Studyo Conforming to “fit in”o Normative social influence- What happens to non-conformists?o Ppl ostracize ppl who don’t conform in the grp- Johnny Rocco study (Schachter, 1951)o Ppl react to non-conformers by…. 1) Trying to persuade them 2) If unsuccessful: Reject them- Conditions that influence conformity: o Situational factorso Personal factorso Cultural differences – western vs. eastern culturesCOMPLIANCE - 2-step strategies- Foot in the door – small request followed by large (real) request- Door in the face – large request followed by small (real) request- Low-ball – understate the true cost- That’s not all – large request & bonusOBEDIENCE - Milgram’s Study of obedience- Almost 2/3 obeyed destructive commands completely - Social support – What it does? How ppl react differently to these demands when there is social support (other ppl) present. 3Chapter 8 – GRP BEHAVIOR- Influences on grp cohesiono Grp sizeo Similarity and diversityo Perceived subversion of grp identity- Grp functions: o Accomplish instrumental taskso Satisfy socio-emotional needs- Temporal Model of Grp Membership: o Temporal: can go back and forth across different phaseso 5 phases:  1) Investigation phase -- Prospective member  2) Socialization phase -- New member 3) Maintenance phase -- Full member 4) Re-socialization phase -- Marginal member 5) Remembrance phase -- Ex-member- Social Facilitationo Enhancement of dominant responses due to presence of others- Social Loafingo Grp induced reduction in individual output when performers’ efforts cant be judged individually E.g. grp projects- Deindividuationo Loosening of normal constraints on behavior when ppl cant be identified E.g. when in a crowd- Groupthinko When grps make faulty decisions due to desire to reach consensuso We like pleasant interactions4- Female Leaderso Equally task-oriented as male leaders, but more democratic leadershipstyle- Social Dilemmaso Situation in which most rewarding short-term choice for an individual will ultimately cause negative consequences for grp E.g. sharing limited