Slide 1Class OutlineSlide 3Slide 4Nature vs. Nurture (Miller, 2002, pp. 19-20)Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Class ReflectionSlide 12Behaviorism (Feldman, 2015, p. 15)Slide 14Slide 15Social-Cognitive Theory (Miller, 2002, p. 183)Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Cultural Theory (Arnett, 2013, pp. 98-99; Newman, 2015, p. 45)Systems Theory (Newman, 2015, pp. 51-52)Slide 22Slide 23Class ReviewOverview of Theories 1Hans Saint-Eloi Cadely, Ph.D.HDF 201Spring 201602/02/2016Class Outline•Examine how theories contribute to current understanding of life span development.•Examine theories under the perspectives of cognitivism, behaviorism, contextualism, and systems.•Understand development from an eclectic theoretical orientation.Theory(Feldman, 2015, p. 12; Miller, 2002, p. 3; Newman, 2015, p. 23; Santrock, 2015, p. 19)•Theory – a possible explanation of a behavior, incident, and/or phenomenonContinuity-discontinuity Issue(Feldman, 2015, pp. 9-10; Santrock, 2015, p. 18)•Continuous–Builds on previous material, adding on more•DiscontinuousNature vs. Nurture(Miller, 2002, pp. 19-20)•Nature–Innate–Hereditary–Biological–maturation–Native•Nurture–Acquired skills–Environment–Culture–Learning–empericalCognitivism(Feldman, 2015, p. 17; Miller, 2002, pp. 25-105; Newman, 2015, pp. 35-37; Santrock, 2015, pp. 21-23)•Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory•Information-Processing Approach•Vigotskys sociocultural theoryPiaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory(Feldman, 2015, pp. 17-18; Miller, 2002, pp. 25-105; Newman, 2015, pp. 35-37; Santrock, 2015, pp.22-24)•Jean Piaget (1896-1980)–Structuralism•Cognitive organization – thoughts are made-up of systems combined to make whole (Miller, 2002, p. 63).–Operations–schemes–Equilibration•Cognitive adaptation – “interaction between the organism and the environment” (Miller, 2002, p. 63).–Assimilation–accomodation•DisequilibrationPiaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory(Feldman, 2015, pp. 17-18; Miller, 2002, pp. 25-105; Newman, 2015, pp. 35-37; Santrock, 2015, pp.22-24)•Cognitive-Developmental Stages–Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old)•Physical movement, reflexes.–Preoperational stage (2-7 years old)•Symbols, language, mental images–Concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)•Mental operations–Formal operational stage (11-15 years old)•Abstract thinkingInformation-Processing Approach(Feldman, 2015, p.18 & 119; Miller, 2002, pp. 213-279; Santrock, 2015, p.23)•Uses a computer programming analogy–Encoding–Storage•Short-term memory/working memory•Long-term memory–Retrieval–Automatization – an activity that requires much attention for it to be rememberedVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory(Feldman, 2015, pp. 21-22; Miller, 2002, pp. 367-415; Newman, 2015, pp. 37-39; Santrock, 2015, pp. 23)•Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)–Zone of proximal development•intersubjectivity•Scaffolding–https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MwsCO16oUg&feature=related•Intermental intramental–Lower mental processes–Higher mental processesClass Reflection•Provide an example of how Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory can be applied to adult development.Behaviorism(Feldman, 2015, pp. 15-17; Miller, 2002, pp. 166-213; Newman, 2015, pp. 40-41; Santrock, 2015, pp. 23-24)•Classical conditioning•Operant conditioning•Social learning/social cognitive theoryBehaviorism(Feldman, 2015, p. 15)•John B. Watson (1878-1958)–Tabula Rasa–“Father of Behaviorism”–“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specific world to bring up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities” (Watson, 1925).Behaviorism(Feldman, 2015, pp. 15-17; Miller, 2002, p. 175; Santrock, 2015, pp. 23-24)•Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)–Classical conditioning•B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)–Operant conditioning•Behavior modification–reinforcement – behavior met with reward to encourage it’s repeatability.–Punishment – behavior met with consequences to diminish the probability of it being repeated.Social-Cognitive Theory(Bandura, 1989; Feldman, 2015, pp. 16; Miller, 2002, pp. 166-213; Newman, 2015, pp. 40-41; Santrock, 2015, pp. 24)•Albert Bandura (1925- )–triadic reciprocal causationPersonal DeterminantsBehavioral DeterminantsEnvironmental DeterminantsFigure adapted from:Bandura, A. (2000). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3, 265-299.Social-Cognitive Theory(Miller, 2002, p. 183)•Three types of environment:–Imposed environment – interpretation of ones environment–Selected environment – environment one actively selects.–Created environment – environment created by one’s behavior.Observational Learning(Bandura, 2000; Miller, 2002, pp. 187-188; Newman, 2015, pp. 40-41)Attentional Processes•Modeled eventsRetention Processes•Cognitive Construction•RehearsalProduction Processes•Representational Guidance•Corrective •AdjustmentMotivational Processes•External Incentives•Vicarious Incentives•Self-IncentivesModeled EventsMatching PatternFigure adapted from:Bandura, A. (2000). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3, 265-299.Contextualism(Bronfenbrenner, 1989; Feldman, 2015, p. 17; Newman, 2015, pp. 35-37; Santrock, 2015, pp. 21-23)•Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory•Cultural Theory–Social Role TheoryBronfebrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory(Bronfenbrenner, 1989; Newman, 2015, pp. 52-53)•Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)–Process-person-context model–Bioecological approach•Microsystem•Mesosystem•Exosystem•Macrosystem•chronosystemCultural Theory(Arnett, 2013, pp. 98-99; Newman, 2015, p. 45)Individualism•Best interest for self•Independent self–Personal choice–Intrinsic motivation–Self-esteemCollectivism•Best interest for others•Interdependent self–Family connectedness–Orientation to the larger group–Respect and obedienceSystems Theory(Newman, 2015, pp. 51-52)•Feedback – systems communicate with each other.–Interaction between the system and the environment.•Adaptive self-regulation – saving information to maintain the system•Adaptive self-organization – reorganizing the system when confronted with new information.Family Systems Approach(Arnett,