Overview of Theories 1 Hans Saint Eloi Cadely Ph D HDF 201 Spring 2016 02 02 2016 Class Outline Examine how theories contribute to current understanding of life span development Examine theories under the perspectives of cognitivism behaviorism contextualism and systems Understand development from an eclectic theoretical orientation Theory Feldman 2015 p 12 Miller 2002 p 3 Newman 2015 p 23 Santrock 2015 p 19 Theory a possible explanation of a behavior incident and or phenomenon Continuity discontinuity Issue Feldman 2015 pp 9 10 Santrock 2015 p 18 Continuous Builds on previous material adding on more Discontinuous Nature vs Nurture Miller 2002 pp 19 20 Nature Innate Hereditary Biological maturation Native Nurture Acquired skills Environment Culture Learning emperical Cognitivism Feldman 2015 p 17 Miller 2002 pp 25 105 Newman 2015 pp 35 37 Santrock 2015 pp 21 23 Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory Information Processing Approach Vigotskys sociocultural theory Piaget s Cognitive Developmental Theory Feldman 2015 pp 17 18 Miller 2002 pp 25 105 Newman 2015 pp 35 37 Santrock 2015 pp 22 24 Jean Piaget 1896 1980 Structuralism Cognitive organization thoughts are made up of systems combined to make whole Miller 2002 p 63 Operations schemes Equilibration Cognitive adaptation interaction between the organism and the environment Miller 2002 p 63 Assimilation accomodation Disequilibration Piaget s Cognitive Developmental Theory Feldman 2015 pp 17 18 Miller 2002 pp 25 105 Newman 2015 pp 35 37 Santrock 2015 pp 22 24 Cognitive Developmental Stages Sensorimotor stage 0 2 years old Physical movement reflexes Preoperational stage 2 7 years old Symbols language mental images Concrete operational stage 7 11 years old Mental operations Formal operational stage 11 15 years old Abstract thinking Information Processing Approach Feldman 2015 p 18 119 Miller 2002 pp 213 279 Santrock 2015 p 23 Uses a computer programming analogy Encoding Storage Short term memory working memory Long term memory Retrieval Automatization an activity that requires much attention for it to be remembered Vygotsky s Sociocultural Theory Feldman 2015 pp 21 22 Miller 2002 pp 367 415 Newman 2015 pp 37 39 Santrock 2015 pp 23 Lev Vygotsky 1896 1934 Zone of proximal development intersubjectivity Scaffolding https www youtube com watch v 4MwsCO16oUg feature related Intermental intramental Lower mental processes Higher mental processes Class Reflection Provide an example of how Vygotsky s Sociocultural Theory can be applied to adult development Behaviorism Feldman 2015 pp 15 17 Miller 2002 pp 166 213 Newman 2015 pp 40 41 Santrock 2015 pp 23 24 Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Social learning social cognitive theory Behaviorism Feldman 2015 p 15 John B Watson 1878 1958 Tabula Rasa Father of Behaviorism Give me a dozen healthy infants well formed and my own specific world to bring up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor lawyer artist merchant chief and yes even beggarman and thief regardless of his talents penchants tendencies abilities Watson 1925 Behaviorism Feldman 2015 pp 15 17 Miller 2002 p 175 Santrock 2015 pp 23 24 Ivan Pavlov 1849 1936 Classical conditioning B F Skinner 1904 1990 Operant conditioning Behavior modification reinforcement behavior met with reward to encourage it s repeatability Punishment behavior met with consequences to diminish the probability of it being repeated Social Cognitive Theory Bandura 1989 Feldman 2015 pp 16 Miller 2002 pp 166 213 Newman 2015 pp 40 41 Santrock 2015 pp 24 Albert Bandura 1925 triadic reciprocal causation Personal Determinants Behavioral Determinants Environmental Determinants Figure adapted from Bandura A 2000 Social cognitive theory of mass communication Media Psychology 3 265 299 Social Cognitive Theory Miller 2002 p 183 Three types of environment Imposed environment interpretation of ones environment Selected environment environment one actively selects Created environment environment created by one s behavior Observational Learning Bandura 2000 Miller 2002 pp 187 188 Newman 2015 pp 40 41 Modeled Events Attentional Processes Modeled events Retention Processes Cognitive Construction Rehearsal Production Processes Representational Guidance Corrective Adjustment Motivational Processes Figure adapted from Bandura A 2000 Social cognitive theory of mass communication Media Psychology 3 265 299 External Incentives Vicarious Incentives Self Incentives Matching Pattern Contextualism Bronfenbrenner 1989 Feldman 2015 p 17 Newman 2015 pp 35 37 Santrock 2015 pp 21 23 Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory Cultural Theory Social Role Theory Bronfebrenner s Ecological Systems Theory Bronfenbrenner 1989 Newman 2015 pp 52 53 Urie Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005 Process person context model Bioecological approach Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem chronosystem Cultural Theory Arnett 2013 pp 98 99 Newman 2015 p 45 Individualism Best interest for self Independent self Personal choice Intrinsic motivation Self esteem Collectivism Best interest for others Interdependent self Family connectedness Orientation to the larger group Respect and obedience Systems Theory Newman 2015 pp 51 52 Feedback systems communicate with each other Interaction between the system and the environment Adaptive self regulation saving information to maintain the system Adaptive self organization reorganizing the system when confronted with new information Family Systems Approach Arnett 2013 pp 175 176 Santrock 2012 p 254 Whitchurch Constantine pp 334 336 Family Systems Approach examines how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole p 176 Subsystems Dyadic relationships Polyadic relationships Disequilibrium an imbalance within the family that needs to be adjusted Negative feedback Positive feedback Reciprocal socialization Arnett 2013 p 184 Santrock 2012 p 254 Fig 8 1 Parents socialize children and adolescents Children and adolescents socialize parents Class Review What is a theory What is cognitivism What is behaviorism What is contextualism What is systems theory