Introduction to Psychology Study Guide Quiz 4 Chapter 13 Be able to: Recognize the following principles from given situations: Fundamental Attribution Error- tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Foot in the Door Phenomenon- tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. Cognitive Dissonance- theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. Mimicry- unconsciously imitating others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones. Conformity- adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Social Facilitation- improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Social Loafing- tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when individually accountable. Groupthink- mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Scapegoat theory- theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Altruism- unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Bystander Effect- tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. Explain the difference between the central and peripheral route of persuasion: peripheral route- occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as speaker’s attractiveness. central route- occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. Explain in-group and out-group bias Ingroup- “us” people with whom we share a common identity. Outgroup- “them” those perceived as different or apart form our group. Define types of Aggression aggression- any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.Instrumental Reactive Bullying Relational List elements that facilitate attraction: Proximity Physical Attractiveness Similarity Relate evolution to attraction Chapter 4 Be able to: Explain the lifespan perspective of studying development- branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. Describe each of the three prenatal stages (when they take place and what happens): Zygote: fertilized egg; period of rapid cell division. conception to 2 weeks embryo: developing human organism 2 weeks through 8 weeks fetus: 9 weeks to birth Define and provide examples of teratogens teratogens- “monster maker” agents, such as toxins, chemicals, and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Describe the pruning process of the human brain during the lifespan shuts down unused links and strengthens others Compare the ideas of a sensitive period and critical period critical period- optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. Describe the process of assimilation and accommodation assimilation- interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation- adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information Define the following concepts Object permanence- awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Conservation- principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Animism- Egocentrism- preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.Theory of Mind- people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. Relate the three elements of an attachment bond (from lecture) Describe the three parenting styles from the book authoritarian- impose rules and expect obedience permissive- submits to their children’s desires. They make few demands and use little punishment. authoritative- both demanding and responsive. Sets rules but allows exceptions. Explain how early puberty differs for males and females Girls: 9 years old (body changes) Boys: as late as 16 (stronger) Categorize the three levels of Morality moral reasoning- what is right and wrong moral intuition- quick gut feelings moral action- doing the right thing Define Emerging Adulthood for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to the mid-20’s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. Recognize longitudinal and cross-sectional designs in psychology research cross sectional- study in which people of different ages are compared with one another longitudinal- research in which the same people are retested over a long period Chapter 5 Be able to: Explain the difference between sex and gender gender- socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female List primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics primary- body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) secondary- nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice, and body hair. Define intersex individuals are born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female physical features. Define Menarchethe first menstrual period Describe gender roles set of expected behaviors for male or for females. Define gender scripts Describe the human sexual response cycle four stages of sexual responding 1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution Explain what brain structure has been shown to be different in homosexual men hypothalamus, cell clusters are bigger than straight Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of gay parenting more sensitive