Introduction to Psychology Fall 2014 Final Study Guide This final will consist of 100 multiple choice questions. This test is meant to be a way for you to integrate the knowledge you have gained over the semester with the outside world and with other concepts in the text. All questions will come directly from this study guide. CH 1 behaviorism - view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. How did the “cognitive revolution” mentioned in the first chapter differ from early behaviorism? perception, thinking, memory, and language Explain the difference between nature and nurture Define hindsight bias tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one had foreseen it What is the scientific method and how is it used in psychology Describe a case study in psychology observational technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles Describe observational research Describe an experiment (identify independent and dependent variables) research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. independent- factor that is manipulated dependent- outcome factor; the one that is changed Compare correlation and causation research CH 2 Describe how information travels from one neuron to another (Include all the parts of the neuron and what happens in the synapse) Explain the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems somatic- controls body’s skeletal muscles autonomic- controls glands and internal organs Provide an example of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems sympathetic- arouses body in stressful situations parasympathetic- calms body and conserves energy Name and explain the four lobes of the brain Frontal- involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgementsParietal-receives sensory input for touch and body position Occipital-includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. Temporal- each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. What is natural selection? among inherited traits will pass on to generations CH 3 Describe evidence for multiple levels of consciousness daydreaming, sleeping, meditating, drug induced hallucinations What is the circadian rhythm? the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms hat occur on a 24 hour cycle What is the function of REM sleep? vivid dreams occur Explain each of the three dream theories. wish fulfillment- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings information processing- sort out day events and consolidate memories physiological function- develop neural pathways neural activation- random visual memories cognitive development- knowledge understanding What are the differences between each of the three sleep disorders mentioned in the text? insomnia- cant sleep and stay asleep narcolepsy- sleep attacks sleep apnea- reaching problems How do the drugs in each of the drug categories (depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen) affect the brain? depressants- calm neural activity and slow body functions stimulant- excites neural activity and speed up body functions hallucinogens- distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. CH 4 How do teratogens affect the prenatal human? toxins, virus, chemicals that reach embryo fetus and cause harm Discuss how infants interact with their environment through assimilation and accommodation assimilation -interprets new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation- adapting our understandings to incorporate new info Describe the social implications of the female timing of puberty compared to males What evidence is there for creating an “emerging adulthood” stage of development? in between of adult and teen How is developmental psychology studied over long periods of time? studies physical, cognitive, and social through lifespan CH 5Provide examples of relational aggression spreading rumors What are gender roles? expected behavior for men and women Gender scripts? Describe teen pregnancy rates over the last 50 years What is the evidence for a biological cause of homosexuality? hypothalamus cell cluster Describe the human sexual response cycle. four stages; excitement plateau orgasm resolution CH 6 Describe two examples of sensory adaptation constant stimulation makes it diminish What is the difference between rods and cones on the retina? rods- black white gray cones- color Do humans emit light from their eyes?! no CH 7 Explain classical conditioning one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Explain operant conditioning behavior strengthen if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher Explain observational learning learn by observing others CH 8 Explain the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory encoding storage retrieval Provide three suggestions for memorization Chunking- organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically. Hierarchies- composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts. Mnemonics- memory aids, technique uses vivid imagery and organizational devices. Distributed practice- produces longer term recall.What part of the brain is mainly responsible for memory? hippocampus Describe the two types of amnesia anterograde- remembers past but not future. Retrograde- future but not past Provide two examples of memory construction errors misinformation, and imagination CH 9 What are heuristics? simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently Give an example of framing the way an issue is posed Explain the theories of intelligence Spearman’s general intelligence factor- underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test Gardner’s eight intelligences interpersonal intrapersonal bodily kinesthetic spatial musical logical mathematical lingustic naturalist Sternberg’s three intelligences analytical intelligence- school smarts creative intelligence- react adaptively to new situations and generate novel ideas practical intelligence- street smarts Emotional intelligence theory the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. What is the danger of relying on intelligence tests? CH 10 Provide evidence for the order in which Maslow has written