Study Guide (CH 1, 7, 8) Chapter 1 – History of Psychology Be able to: Summarize the following historical concepts: Structuralism- early school of thought; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. Fundamentalism- early school of thought; explored how mental and behavioral processes function. How they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. Freudian Psychology- emphasizes the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior. Behaviorism- view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Humanistic Psychology- historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. Evolutionary Psychology- the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes. Argue the debate of nature vs. nurture- longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors. Contrast basic and applied research fields: basic research- pure science that aim to increase the scientific knowledge base. Applied research- scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. Chapter 1 – Research Methods Be able to: Explain the problems with relying on common sense- the naked intellect is an extraordinarily inaccurate instrument. Hindsight bias, judgmental overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events, illustrate why we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense. Define and give examples of the following concepts: Hindsight bias- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Gambler’s Fallacy- prone to perceive patterns. Random sequence often don't look random. Ex. Coin toss. Operational Definition- a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex. Human intelligence. Case Study- observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Ex. In depth analyses of special individuals.Naturalistic Observation- observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Ex. Eat hi and recording individuals behavior in their natural setting. Surveys- technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. Ex. Self reports in which people answer questions about their behavior attitudes. Random Sampling- helps researchers generalize from a small set of survey responses to a larger population. Differentiate between correlation and causation - association does not price causation. Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause effect relationship but does not prove such. Paraphrase the scientific method- theory, hypothesis, observation or experiment, reject and revise, confirm. Infer types of variables from a description Independent- experimental factor that is manipulated; effect is being studied. Dependent- outcome of factor; may change in response to manipulations of the independent. Confounding- factor other than the independent that might produce an effect in an experiment. Summarize the need and history of ethics in psychology Summarize the basic steps for retrieving an article Explain what a “peer-reviewed” article is Chapter 7 – Learning Be able to: Describe classical conditioning- type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Provide examples of operant conditioning- repeat acts that brings rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results. Both punishments and reinforcers Describe shaping- an operant conditioning procedure in which the reinforcer guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior. Behavior strength ed if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Describe the four types of reinforcement schedules: continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio reinforcement. Apply classical conditioning to a written situation Recognize the principles of generalization- the tendency once a response had been conditioned for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. discrimination- classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a stimuli that do not signal unconditioned stimulus. Extinction and acquisition - acquisition is associating events. Associating response with a consequence. Provide an example of taste aversionDescribe modeling- process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. Give examples of how the media affects learning Explain and give examples of mirror neuron- frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so, ex. Yawning. Chapter 8 – Memory Be able to: Recognize the measures of retention Label the parts of the Atkinson Shiffrin memory model Describe the following memory strategies Chunking- organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically. Hierarchies- composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts. Mnemonics- memory aids, technique uses vivid imagery and organizational devices. Distributed practice- produces longer term recall. Identify the brain part primarily responsible for memory Both explicit and implicit Define: Priming- activation, often unconsciously of a particular associations in memory. "Waken of association" Smells, taste, sights to a person Context-Dependent Memory- putting self back in context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval. Serial Position Effect- tendency to recall the best, the last, and the first items in a list. Differentiate between retrograde and anterograde amnesia- anterograde- remembers past but not future. Retrograde- future but not past Explain the concept of imagination inflation and source amnesia Imagination inflation- showed family photos of vacation, never really went. Source amnesia- attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, or